Childhood socioeconomic position and later-life cognitive functioning in the U.S.: A critical review

IF 5.7 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL
Hanamori F. Skoblow , Christine M. Proulx , Francisco Palermo
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Abstract

An emerging body of research suggests that later-life cognitive functioning may be partly the result of influences across the life course. Low socioeconomic position in childhood is associated with disparities in cognitive functioning in older adulthood. Framed by the life course perspective, several explanations for this association exist: the latency model, positing that the conditions of low early-life socioeconomic position are directly linked to later-life cognitive functioning; the pathway hypothesis, suggesting that the association is mediated through adult socioeconomic position; and the accumulation of (dis)advantage hypothesis, proposing that the combined conditions of the childhood and adulthood contexts are more impactful than either socioeconomic context alone. The purpose of this critical review was to assess the empirical evidence supporting each hypothesis through a synthesis of the extant literature on the association between childhood socioeconomic position and later-life cognitive functioning. We reviewed 29 studies with U.S. samples and found the strongest evidence for the pathway hypothesis, followed by the accumulation hypothesis. Support for the latency model is present but weaker than the other explanations. The influence of childhood socioeconomic position on cognitive functioning is stronger when cognitive functioning is assessed at a single time point rather than as change over time, suggesting that childhood socioeconomic position might not affect the rate at which cognition declines in later life but does impact performance measured at any designated testing occasion. We conclude with a discussion of the limitations of the state of the literature, directions for future research, and implications for policy.

美国儿童社会经济地位和晚年认知功能:一项批判性的回顾
一项新的研究表明,晚年的认知功能可能在一定程度上受到整个生命过程的影响。儿童时期低的社会经济地位与成年后认知功能的差异有关。从生命历程的角度来看,对这种关联存在几种解释:潜伏期模型,假设早期低社会经济地位的条件与晚年的认知功能直接相关;途径假说,认为这种关联是通过成人社会经济地位介导的;以及优势积累假说,提出童年和成年环境的综合条件比单独的社会经济环境更有影响力。这篇批判性综述的目的是通过对儿童社会经济地位与晚年认知功能之间关系的现有文献的综合,评估支持每个假设的经验证据。我们回顾了美国样本的29项研究,发现了途径假说最有力的证据,其次是积累假说。对延迟模型的支持是存在的,但比其他解释弱。儿童社会经济地位对认知功能的影响在单一时间点进行评估时比随着时间的变化更强,这表明儿童社会经济地位可能不会影响晚年认知能力下降的速度,但确实会影响在任何指定测试场合测量的表现。最后,我们讨论了文献现状的局限性、未来研究的方向以及对政策的影响。
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来源期刊
Developmental Review
Developmental Review PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL-
CiteScore
11.00
自引率
3.00%
发文量
27
审稿时长
51 days
期刊介绍: Presenting research that bears on important conceptual issues in developmental psychology, Developmental Review: Perspectives in Behavior and Cognition provides child and developmental, child clinical, and educational psychologists with authoritative articles that reflect current thinking and cover significant scientific developments. The journal emphasizes human developmental processes and gives particular attention to issues relevant to child developmental psychology. The research concerns issues with important implications for the fields of pediatrics, psychiatry, and education, and increases the understanding of socialization processes.
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