Parsing cell death in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: PANoptosis.

There are many ways for a cell to die and each of the modes of cell death has been subject to intense evolutionary selection pressure[1]. Discrete survival pathways and related programmed cell death (PCD) pathways have emerged in single cells, across communities of cells, and in all multicellular organisms. Many of the factors which trigger programmed cell death act through perturbations in homeostatic parameters such as osmotic pressure, mechanical force, temperature, oxygen tension, pH, transmembrane potential, DNA damage or metabolic substrate availability. Although they use distinctive sensor systems and signaling pathways, microbial or other injuries and their responses can often be understood using these same rubrics and the survival of whole organs and organisms can be framed through community behaviors that typically integrate heterogeneous responses to single insults across different cells or cell types[2].