CO2 emission intensity of the Estonian DH sector

District heating (DH) widespread in Estonia provides at a national level the most efficient opportunity to achieve the objectives of primary energy efficiency, increasing the percentage of renewable energy and reducing the CO₂ emissions.

All previous calculations of CO₂ intensity of Estonian DH were performed only based on statistics published by Eurostat and Statistics Estonia. To increase accuracy of initial data and receive results for specific DH networks the real operational data of main Estonian DH networks were collect for year 2020.

Calculations are performed using power bonus calculation method and proportional distribution method. Special attention is paid on CO₂ emission factors of different fuels and energy inputs to the DH systems. One of the main issues discussed is definition of waste heat and applicability of CO₂ emission factors.

Depending on the methodology used to calculate the weighted average CO₂ emission factor for DH sector, the factor is either −19.8 kgCO₂/MWh_heat (‘power bonus’ method) or 85.6 kgCO₂/MWh_heat (proportional distribution).

Revised and clarified main steps for calculation of DH CO₂ emission factors presented in this article assumed to be used by the members of Estonian Power and Heat Association. Common calculation approach will allow transparent benchmarking of Estonian DH systems and can be used as a good way to inform DH consumers about the CO₂ intensity and sustainability of specific DH networks as well as DH sector in general.