Post-COVID-19 respiratory problems: burden and management.

Purpose of review: To describe the burden of post-COVID respiratory sequelae in posthospital and nonhospitalized COVID-19 survivors and to describe the priorities of clinical management.

Recent findings: Due to varying definitions of 'Long COVID' or 'Post-COVID', the prevalence of post-COVID sequelae or persisting symptoms is challenging to estimate but ranges from 2.3 to 51%. Risk factors for persistent post-COVID symptoms include age, female sex, deprivation, presence of comorbidities; and in posthospital COVID-19 survivors, the severity of acute infection. Common post-COVID respiratory symptoms include breathlessness, cough and chest pain and many individuals also experience exercise intolerance. The most common pulmonary function test abnormality is impaired diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide. In posthospital COVID-19 survivors, the prevalence of interstitial lung damage is 5-11%. Disordered breathing is common in all post-COVID patients and respiratory physiotherapy is helpful.

Summary: The vast numbers of COVID-19 infections globally implies that a large number of people will be affected by post-COVID sequelae even with conservative estimates. A significant number of people are affected for several months and up to years following acute infection. Post-COVID sequelae have a detrimental impact on quality of life and ability to work.