Newcastle disease virus in poultry with an interface as a human vector

Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious and economically important disease of poultry caused by virulent avian Paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1). For decades, live and inactivated vaccines have been used as conventional therapy in poultry, even then failure is reported due to mismatch antigenicity, presence of maternal antibodies, cold chain disruption, and uneven vaccine applications. Many experimental vaccines have been in trial for many years, but the disease is still rampant in many parts of the world. From acute onset with high mortality to mild disease in birds, Newcastle disease virus potential as a vector has been exploited for the treatment of different cancers and vaccination of humans. The objective of this review is to understand the Newcastle disease virus, immune mechanism, prevention and control strategies adapted for the Newcastle disease in poultry, and its beneficial use as a candidate vector for human vaccines and cancer therapy.