Gert Kruithof, Cees Bassa, Irene Bonati, Wim van Cappellen, Anne Doek, Nico Ebbendorf, Marchel Gerbers, Michiel van Haarlem, Ronald Halfwerk, Hanno Holties, Simone Kajuiter, Vlad Kondratiev, Henri Meulman, Roberto Pizzo, Timothy Shimwell, John Swinbank
{"title":"LOFAR 望远镜的能耗和碳足迹","authors":"Gert Kruithof, Cees Bassa, Irene Bonati, Wim van Cappellen, Anne Doek, Nico Ebbendorf, Marchel Gerbers, Michiel van Haarlem, Ronald Halfwerk, Hanno Holties, Simone Kajuiter, Vlad Kondratiev, Henri Meulman, Roberto Pizzo, Timothy Shimwell, John Swinbank","doi":"10.1007/s10686-023-09901-z","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) is a European radio telescope operating since 2010 in the frequency bands 10 - 80 MHz and 110 - 250 MHz. This article provides an analysis of the energy consumption and the carbon footprint of LOFAR. The approach used is a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). We find that one year of LOFAR operations requires 3,627 MWh of electricity, 48,714 m<sup>3</sup> gas and 135,497 liters of fuel. The associated carbon emission is 1,867 tCO2e/year. Results include the footprint stemming from operations of all LOFAR stations and central processing, but exclude scientific post-processing and activities. The electrical energy required for scientific processing is assessed separately. It ranges from 1% (standard imaging and time-domain), to 40% (wide field long baseline imaging) of the energy consumption for the observation. The outcome provides a transparent baseline in making LOFAR more sustainable and can serve as a blueprint for the analysis of other research infrastructures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":551,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Astronomy","volume":"56 2-3","pages":"687 - 714"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7000,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10686-023-09901-z.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"The energy consumption and carbon footprint of the LOFAR telescope\",\"authors\":\"Gert Kruithof, Cees Bassa, Irene Bonati, Wim van Cappellen, Anne Doek, Nico Ebbendorf, Marchel Gerbers, Michiel van Haarlem, Ronald Halfwerk, Hanno Holties, Simone Kajuiter, Vlad Kondratiev, Henri Meulman, Roberto Pizzo, Timothy Shimwell, John Swinbank\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10686-023-09901-z\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>The LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) is a European radio telescope operating since 2010 in the frequency bands 10 - 80 MHz and 110 - 250 MHz. This article provides an analysis of the energy consumption and the carbon footprint of LOFAR. The approach used is a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). We find that one year of LOFAR operations requires 3,627 MWh of electricity, 48,714 m<sup>3</sup> gas and 135,497 liters of fuel. The associated carbon emission is 1,867 tCO2e/year. Results include the footprint stemming from operations of all LOFAR stations and central processing, but exclude scientific post-processing and activities. The electrical energy required for scientific processing is assessed separately. It ranges from 1% (standard imaging and time-domain), to 40% (wide field long baseline imaging) of the energy consumption for the observation. The outcome provides a transparent baseline in making LOFAR more sustainable and can serve as a blueprint for the analysis of other research infrastructures.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":551,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Experimental Astronomy\",\"volume\":\"56 2-3\",\"pages\":\"687 - 714\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.7000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-07-06\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10686-023-09901-z.pdf\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Experimental Astronomy\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"101\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10686-023-09901-z\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"物理与天体物理\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Experimental Astronomy","FirstCategoryId":"101","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10686-023-09901-z","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
The energy consumption and carbon footprint of the LOFAR telescope
The LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) is a European radio telescope operating since 2010 in the frequency bands 10 - 80 MHz and 110 - 250 MHz. This article provides an analysis of the energy consumption and the carbon footprint of LOFAR. The approach used is a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). We find that one year of LOFAR operations requires 3,627 MWh of electricity, 48,714 m3 gas and 135,497 liters of fuel. The associated carbon emission is 1,867 tCO2e/year. Results include the footprint stemming from operations of all LOFAR stations and central processing, but exclude scientific post-processing and activities. The electrical energy required for scientific processing is assessed separately. It ranges from 1% (standard imaging and time-domain), to 40% (wide field long baseline imaging) of the energy consumption for the observation. The outcome provides a transparent baseline in making LOFAR more sustainable and can serve as a blueprint for the analysis of other research infrastructures.
期刊介绍：
Many new instruments for observing astronomical objects at a variety of wavelengths have been and are continually being developed. Furthermore, a vast amount of effort is being put into the development of new techniques for data analysis in order to cope with great streams of data collected by these instruments.
Experimental Astronomy acts as a medium for the publication of papers of contemporary scientific interest on astrophysical instrumentation and methods necessary for the conduct of astronomy at all wavelength fields.
Experimental Astronomy publishes full-length articles, research letters and reviews on developments in detection techniques, instruments, and data analysis and image processing techniques. Occasional special issues are published, giving an in-depth presentation of the instrumentation and/or analysis connected with specific projects, such as satellite experiments or ground-based telescopes, or of specialized techniques.
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
