An evolving perspective on novel modified release drug delivery systems for inhalational therapy.

Introduction: Drugs delivered via the lungs are predominantly used to treat various respiratory disorders, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, respiratory tract infections and lung cancers, and pulmonary vascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension. To treat respiratory diseases, targeted, modified or controlled release inhalation formulations are desirable for improved patient compliance and superior therapeutic outcome.

Areas covered: This review summarizes the important factors that have an impact on the inhalable modified release formulation approaches with a focus toward various formulation strategies, including dissolution rate-controlled systems, drug complexes, site-specific delivery, drug-polymer conjugates, and drug-polymer matrix systems, lipid matrix particles, nanosystems, and formulations that can bypass clearance via mucociliary system and alveolar macrophages.

Expert opinion: Inhaled modified release formulations can potentially reduce dosing frequency by extending drug's residence time in the lungs. However, inhalable modified or controlled release drug delivery systems remain unexplored and underdeveloped from the commercialization perspective. This review paper addresses the current state-of-the-art of inhaled controlled release formulations, elaborates on the avenues for developing newer technologies for formulating various drugs with tailored release profiles after inhalational delivery and explains the challenges associated with translational feasibility of modified release inhalable formulations.