A Systematic Review on the Influence of Virtual Reality on Language Learning Outcomes

With the rapid development of information technologies, virtual reality-assisted language learning (VRALL) has caught much attention across the world, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, few review studies aimed to understand the influence of virtual reality (VR) on learning outcomes in terms of each language element. This literature review study selected and analyzed 23 studies from the perspective of language learning aspects, main users of VR technology, and the impact of VR on each learning aspect. The results revealed that (1) vocabulary learning and tertiary education gained the most attention in academia; (2) VR promoted pronunciation learning, listening skills, and speaking skills; (3) VR was a mixed blessing for vocabulary learning, reading skills, and writing skills. Future research could explore the solutions to improve the effectiveness of VR and highlight interdisciplinary cooperation.