The controversial role of osteopontin in vascular calcification: from bench to bedside

Osteopontin (OPN) is integrin-binding ligand belonged to the family of N-linked glycoprotein, which is produced by activated mononuclears and linking systemic inflammation, atherosclerosis, and vascular remodeling. There is a large body of evidence regarding the controversial role of OPN in vascular calcification, while OPN is considered a pretty accurate biomarker of vascular remodeling with promising predictive value for cardiovascular (CV) disease and CV events. The short communication is depicted the discussion about some controversies regarding exclusive role of OPN in several phases of vascular remodeling.