Climate change in the coastal areas: consequences, adaptations, and projections for the Northern Coastal Area, Egypt

Coastal and estuarine ecosystems provide a diverse range of products and services, such as water quality management, carbon storage, food supply, some natural disaster protection, and to name a few. However, these areas are the most vulnerable to climate change. In this study, we look into climate change consequences and the potential regional adaptation methods to them, with an emphasis on coastal risks. We evaluated their efficacy in terms of both the coastal management methods for which they were designed as well as the climate change in the long term. Because the assessment is not reliant on the local environment only, it is applicable to most coastal locations. We undertook a literature analysis to identify measures that may be applied to the coastal area of Damietta. The EMA (Egyptian Meteorological Authority), the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) classification of adaptation measures based on institutional characteristics, socioeconomic characteristics, or physical-environmental characteristics are used to categorize these metrics in these two integrated methodologies. Parallel to this, a number of standards were developed to evaluate the measure's present and potential efficacy, regardless of the context. At last, this strategy enabled objective and straightforward comparisons between measurements by assessing the adaptation strategies according to these standards and predictions of the challenges we will face in the future. The study proposed several extension strategies to raise awareness about the expected consequences of climate change.