The Semantics and Translation of Technical Terms: A Case Study on Ἀπόστολος

Key biblical terms present one of the greatest challenges in Bible translation, due in part to their theological significance and deep integration with the biblical cultures in which they were used. This paper posits that a linguistic study of technical terms, a linguistic classification that has not received much focused attention, reveals useful insights that can be applied to the translation of key biblical terms. Drawing from both classical and cognitive models, it presents an overview of the semantic features of technical terms, namely their linkage to discrete categories and exclusivity to a particular cultural group. Important diachronic and pragmatic considerations are also discussed. A case study on the Greek word ἀπόστολος provides application to the theory presented, arguing that a diachronic study of the technical category’s origins influences an understanding of the concept, and providing an overview of the category structure. Finally, some practical suggestions for the translation of this term are provided, positing that longer-term strategies are necessary for the fullest understanding of a technical term.