Limnophila (Scrophulariaceae): Chemical and Pharmaceutical Aspects

The present resume covers an up-to-date literature on Limnophila species. The botanical classification, ethno- pharmacology, and chemical constituents of Limnophila plants, as well as the biological activities and pharmacological applications of both distinct phytochemicals and medicinally active plant materials (formulations, extracts, etc.) are dis- cussed in detail. and solitary or in axillary or terminal spikes or racemes, sessile or pedicellate. The lower portion (sepals) have five, green, hairy lobes, each 4-5 mm long. The upper portion is purple and composed of five fused petals forming a tube with two lips — adaxial lip (dorsal) is 2-lobed, while abaxial lip (ventral) is 3-lobed. The lips have distinct purple lines on the undersides. The fruit is capsule containing up to 150 seeds. Limnophila reproduces through fragmentation of the stem or by seeds. In post-rainy session the fruits of Limno- phila are mature, and the mats break loose from the hydro- soil — as the floating-mats move, they spread out the seeds throughout a wider area.