Ultrafast Laser Energy Density and Retinal Absorption Cross-Section Determination by Saturable Absorption Measurements

Laser pulse nonlinear transmission measurements through saturable absorbers of known absorption parameters allow the measurement of their energy density. On the other hand, nonlinear transmission measurements of laser pulses of known energy density through absorbing media allow their absorption parameter determination. The peak energy density w_(0P) of second harmonic pulses of a mode-locked titanium sapphire laser at wavelength λ_P = 400 nm is determined by nonlinear energy transmission measurement TE through the dye ADS084BE (1,4-bis(9-ethyl-3-carbazovinylene)- 2-methoxy-5-(2’-ethyl-hexyloxy)-benzene) in tetrahydrofuran. T_E(w_(0P)) calibration curves are calculated for laser pulse peak energy density reading w0P from measured pulse energy transmissions T_E. The ground-state absorption cross-section σ_P and the excited-state absorption cross-section σ_(ex) at λ_P, and the number density N_0 of the retinal Schiff base isoform RetA in pH 7.4 buffer of the blue-light adapted recombinant rhodopsin fragment of the histidine kinase rhodopsin HKR1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were determined by picosecond titanium sapphire second harmonic laser pulse energy transmission measurement T_E through RetA as a function of laser input peak energy density w_(0P). The complete absorption cross-section spectrum σ(λ) of RetA was obtained by absorption coefficient spectrum measurement α(λ) and normalization to the determined absorption cross-section σ_P at λ_P [σ(λ) = α(λ)σ_P/α_P].