Transformation of the Political and Ethnic Map of Eastern Europe: A Triptych

At the beginning of 2021, the Usmanov Center for Research of the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates (Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences) planned an international research conference: “Transformation of the Political and Ethnic Map of Eas­tern Europe”. The main issues of the conference turned out to be very popular and relevant, and extremely numerous specialists expressed a desire to take part in it. Therefore, the organizers of the conference decided to hold the planned conference in the form of a triptych. The general picture of medieval political-ethnic transformations was successfully divided into three main formations: the Great Hungarians, Volga Bulghars, and Tatars of the Golden Horde. Quarantine and preventive measures to counter the new coronavirus infection Covid-19 have resulted in the proliferation of online conferences. Thus, the three planned meetings were held in an extended face-to-face format with partial online participation. Thanks to this, a significantly larger number of specialists were able to take part in meetings with presentations on the history of political and ethnic transformations in the territory of medieval Eastern Europe under the influence of the migration factor. The staff of the Center discussed a number of very significant issues of the history of the Great Hungarians, Volga Bulghars, and Tatars of the Golden Horde with colleagues from other research centers of the Russian Federation and foreign countries. As a result, the academic meeting led to ambiguous results on seemingly resolved problems.