北极理事会、国际海事组织和极地规则

L. Odgaard, Kathryn C. Lavelle
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引用次数: 0

摘要

许多科学调查和多边努力有助于我们理解环境挑战以及如何应对这些挑战;然而,几乎没有采取有效和协调的行动。我们回顾了英国国际关系学派关于气候俱乐部和国际社会的现有文献,以评估环境和安全风险如何导致寻求超越搭便车问题的国际机构的形成。然后,我们问是什么因素解释了2014年通过的《极地水域船舶操作国际规则》(极地规则)的出现,以及大国如何通过北极理事会(AC)和国际海事组织(IMO)建立它。我们确定了有关航运业和北极地区的三个参数,这些参数使环境和安全关系中的这一进步成为可能:确定罪魁祸首、大国利益和社会经济背景。我们发现,即使在区域和行业内外存在实质性差异的情况下,我们也取得了一定程度的成功。因此,案例研究指出了这些参数对未来环境建设和平的重要应用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Arctic Council, the International Maritime Organization, and the Polar Code
Numerous scientific investigations and multilateral efforts have contributed to our understanding of environmental challenges and how to deal with them; yet little effective and coordinated action has been taken. We review existing literature on climate clubs and on international society in the English School of international relations in order to assess how environmental and security risks can result in the formation of international institutions that seek to transcend the free-rider problem. We then ask what factors explain the emergence of the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) adopted in 2014, and how powerful states worked through the Arctic Council (AC) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) to establish it. We identify three parameters with respect to the shipping industry and Arctic region that made this advance possible at the nexus of environment and security: the identification of culprits, great power interest, and the socio-economic context. We find a degree of success even when substantive differences exist both inside and outside of the region and industry. Thus, the case study points to important applications of these parameters for future environmental peacebuilding.
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