Increase of Ace-1 resistance allele in the field population of Anopheles gambiae following a large scale indoor residual spraying (IRS) implementation using bendiocarb in Atacora region in Benin, West Africa

R mutation was found in both An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzi with frequency of 7.33 and 7.35%, respectively. The high proportion of homozygous susceptible specimens that survived from the WHO bioassays suggests the implication of biochemical resistance mechanisms. These results are of prime importance in the effort to document multiple impacts of operational control programmes on mosquito vectors, and to conceive sustainable control strategies for future malaria control programmes.