Estimation and comparison of energy input–output and efficiency indices for rice–wheat agroecosystems of Doon Valley, India

Energy use in the rice-wheat crop production system is a major emitter of global GHG emissions. Understanding of input-wise energy flows in the production system is vital to optimize input-output and also is essential to estimate GHG emissions and Global Warming Potential. Doon valley has energy-intensive agriculture practices and a survey-based assessment was undertaken in Doon valley covering 63 farms. The study estimated total input energy for rice-wheat cultivation as 63825 and 50799 MJha -1 respectively. Main contributors are electricity, fertilizer and diesel for both crops, however irrigation water is also a significant contributor in rice. The yield per unit energy use is relatively low and warrants better crop management practices to reduce the environmental footprint of the rice-wheat cropping system.