立法普遍性的平等保护要素

E. C. Zoldan
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摘要

平等保护条款是执行平等的有力而灵活的工具。然而,平等保护原则一直无法限制一种特别有害的不平等原因,即所谓的特别立法,这种立法是挑出一个人或一个小的、可识别的群体来享受不适用于其他任何人的利益或负担。州立法机关和国会通过专门立法,将公共财富转移给指定的个人,使他们不受一般适用法律的约束,并界定侵权和犯罪的要素,以达到特定的目标。平等保护条款是宪法对政府行为者不平等待遇的最明确的约束,本文考虑平等保护条款是否能够约束专门立法。虽然特别立法造成了严重的不平等,但对平等保护条款范围的限制使其本身不足以限制特别立法。然而,本文对平等保护条款的分析揭示了该条款与宪法中许多其他条款的惊人联系;这些条款共同构成了一种有效而连贯地约束专项立法的原则。这一原则——立法普遍性的价值——深深植根于宪法的文本、历史和法理基础。本文是描述和界定宪法立法普遍性价值轮廓这一更大项目的组成部分。在描述了为什么平等保护条款本身不能约束特殊立法之后,本文最后展示了该条款如何在促进立法普遍性的独立和连贯原则方面发挥重要作用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Equal Protection Component of Legislative Generality
The Equal Protection Clause is a powerful and flexible tool for enforcing equality. Nevertheless, equal protection doctrine has been unable to restrain a particularly pernicious cause of inequality known as special legislation, which is legislation that singles out an individual or small, identifiable group for benefits or burdens that do not apply to anyone else. Through special legislation, state legislatures and Congress transfer public wealth to named individuals, exempt them from the generally applicable laws, and define the elements of torts and crimes to reach specific targets. This Article considers whether the Equal Protection Clause, which is the Constitution’s most explicit restraint on unequal treatment by government actors, is capable of restraining special legislation. Although special legislation creates significant inequalities, limitations on the scope of the Equal Protection Clause make it inadequate, standing alone, to curtail special legislation. Nevertheless, this Article’s analysis of the Equal Protection Clause reveals the clause’s surprising connection to a number of other clauses of the Constitution; together, these clauses suggest a principle that can restrain special legislation effectively and coherently. This principle – a value of legislative generality – is deeply rooted in the Constitution’s text, history, and jurisprudential underpinnings.This Article is an integral part of a larger project of describing and defining the contours of the Constitution’s value of legislative generality. After describing why the Equal Protection Clause, on its own, fails to restrain special legislation, this Article concludes by demonstrating how the Clause plays a vital role in contributing to an independent and coherent principle of legislative generality.
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