匈牙利和保加利亚争夺罗马尼亚(1211-1247)

Q1 Arts and Humanities
A. Madgearu
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引用次数: 0

摘要

由于库曼人和保加利亚人之间的联盟对匈牙利和拉丁帝国来说都是一种危险,所以匈牙利更愿意扩大对库曼尼亚的统治。1211年,条顿骑士团在特兰西瓦尼亚东南部定居,以抵御人类。1214年后,人类也成为保加利亚的敌人。除了在布尔萨土地上建造的几座堡垒外,没有确凿的证据表明条顿骑士团在喀尔巴阡山脉以外的地区扩张,并在1241年蒙古入侵之前建立了匈牙利王国。在1225年条顿骑士团离开后,罗马尼亚成为了多米尼加使团的目标,这个使团大约在1221年就出现在多瑙河北部的保加利亚属地特拉塞维林。库曼主教区成立于1227年。对这些人的征服使得在1214年结束的匈牙利-保加利亚联盟失效,其结果是在1228年至1232年之间,匈牙利吞并了塞维林地,成为巴纳特人。匈牙利在罗马尼亚扩张的最后一件事是1236年贝拉四世设立了罗马尼亚国王的头衔。即使在保加利亚国家在这片多瑙河北部领土的统治结束后,作为罗马尼亚主教辖区的这一地区仍继续受到特里切尔诺沃教会的影响。1241年,蒙古人入侵,摧毁了库曼主教区。由于金帐汗国的统治在1242年后的头几年没有扩展到奥尔特以西,贝拉四世试图在1247年通过召集医院骑士团来夺回地位。特拉塞维林仍然是匈牙利王国的一部分,但Ban的职能被放弃或暂停。医院骑士团的一个使命是扩大匈牙利在罗马尼亚的统治,在随后被蒙古人征服的地区。蒙古的统治阻止了匈牙利附属国摩尔达维亚出现一个库曼王国。只有金帐汗国的衰落,才有可能在1345年对前罗马尼亚的匈牙利王国进行新的渗透。前罗马尼亚进入了14世纪罗马尼亚人从匈牙利统治下解放出来的新国家,瓦拉几亚和摩尔达维亚。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Competition for Cumania between Hungary and Bulgaria (1211–1247)
Because the alliance between the Cumans and Bulgaria was a danger both for Hungary and the Latin Empire, it was preferable for Hungary to extend its domination over Cumania. The Teutonic knights were settled in south-eastern Transylvania in 1211 to defend it against the Cumans, who, after 1214, became enemies also for Bulgaria. Besides the few fortresses built in the Bârsa land, there is no certain proof for an expansion of the Teutonic Order outside the Carpathians, and by consecquence of the Hungarian kingdom, in the period before the Mongol invasion of 1241. After the departure of the Teutonic knights in 1225, Cumania became the target of the Dominican mission which was present since around 1221 in Terra Severin, a north-Danubian Bulgarian possession. The Cuman bishopric was established in 1227. The subjection of these Cumans made useless the preservation of the Hungarian-Bulgarian alliance closed in 1214, and the consequence was the annexation of Terra Severin by Hungary, sometimes between 1228 and 1232, as a Banat. The final act of the Hungarian expansion in Cumania was the introduction of the title of King of Cumania by Bela IV in 1236. The region where it was established the bishopric of Cumania continued to be under the influence of the Church of Tărnovo, even after the end of the domination of the Bulgarian state in this north-Danubian territory. In 1241, the Cuman bishopric was destroyed by the Mongol invasion. Because the Golden Horde domination did not extend west of Olt in the first years after 1242, Bela IV tried to regain positions by summoning the Hospitaller Knights in 1247. Terra Severin remained a part of the Hungarian kingdom, but the function of Ban was abandoned or suspended. One mission of the Hospitallers was to extend the Hungarian domination in Cumania, in the regions which were then conquered by the Mongols. The Mongol domination prevented the emergence of a Cuman kingdom in Moldavia, vassal of Hungary. Only the decline of the Golden Horde made possible a new penetration of the Hungarian kingdom in the former Cumania, in 1345. The former Cumania entered in the new states created during the 14th century by the Romanians liberated from the Hungarian domination, Wallachia and Moldavia.
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