Endometriosis and Epigenetics: What do we Know?

Objective Endometriosis is a common gynecological condition with a pathogenesis that is multifactorial and not well understood. The aim of this review was to explore the multiplicity of epigenetic changes in the field of this disease. Main Findings Epigenetic alterations in endometriosis may be classified into four main categories, with cross-reactions between these changes as well as genetic, environmental, hormonal factors, etc. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hypomethylation and hypermethylation control the transcription of several genes leading to the progression of this condition. Micro RNAs (miRNA) dysregulation controls ribonucleic acid (RNA) translation, degradation, and splicing. Immunologic changes involved downregulate the ability of immune cells to target shed cells. Furthermore, histone hypoacetylation and hyperacetylation affect the metabolism of steroids. Conclusion Endometriosis pathogenesis is a very wide and complex subject, associating several hypotheses. The epigenetic pathways discussed in this review may be the target of new more effective treatments in this field.