12 - 14世纪德国麻风病患者日常生活的经济方面

IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY
Yulia E. Arnautova
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引用次数: 0

摘要

12 - 14世纪是西欧麻风病传播的高峰,与此同时,教会慈善机构、穷人医院和麻风病转移到了市镇公社的管辖范围。然而,“照顾穷人的公有化”和管理和控制的合理化并不意味着社会援助制度本身变得世俗化:它保留了向主献祭的神圣功能(马太福音25:35 - 36),只是改变了它的管理方式。本文考察了中世纪晚期和现代早期德国城市麻风病经济史中最重要的方面:麻风病的收入来源和主要支出项目,为病人提供的标准,机会和消费结构。防治麻风的资金来源和比例各不相同,但主要有四个渠道:资助者的资金、慈善家的捐款、“内部来源”(麻风病人的入场费、他们自己的家庭收入和创业精神)和施舍,这一点不容忽视。根据麻风病人的财富而定的入场费,提供了与捐款成比例的保障。麻风病患者的一份收入。这种不同的预弯曲使得即使在被安置在慈善机构之后,也可以维持某一地产的生活标准。庞大而富有的麻风病家族的经济活动类似于中世纪城市中发生的其他社会经济过程:15 - 16世纪的资本积累;(三)盈余用于购买房屋、城镇土地的投资;主要借给城市公社的钱。以这种方式,麻风家族不仅成为创始城镇的独立结构,拥有财政、财产、“特殊权利”(法规),而且在其发展中发挥了重要作用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Economical Aspects of Everyday Life in German Leproseries in the 12th — 14th Centuries
The highest point of spread of leprosy in Western Europe in 12th—14th centuries coincided with the transition of clerical charitable institutions, hospitals for the poor (hospitale pauperum) and leproseries to the jurisdiction of town’s communes. The “communalization of care for the poor” and the rationalization of management and control, however, did not mean that the institution of social assistance itself became secular: it retained its sacred function of sacrifice to the Lord (Matt. 25: 35—36), changing only its administration. This article examines the most important aspects of the economic history of the leproseries of German cities in the late Middle Ages and early Modernity: what were sources of income and main items of expenditure in leproseries, standards of provision for patients, opportunities and consumption structure. Leproseries were funded from various sources and in different proportions, but there were four main channels: funds from funders, donations from philanthropists, “internal sources” (entrance fees of lepers, income from their own household and entrepreneurship) and alms, which should not be ignored. Establishment of the entrance fee, which varied basing on the lepers’ wealth, provided a guaranteed maintenance proportional to the contribution (fnhd. pfründe, prebend) and a share in the income of the leprosery. This differentiated prebend made it possible to maintain the standards of life of a certain estate even after being placed in a charitable institution. The economic activity of large and rich leproseries resembles other socio-economic processes taking place in Medieval cities: capital accumulation in 15th—16th centuries; surplus income investments in the purchases of houses and towns’ lands; money lent primarily to urban communes. In such manner leproseries become not just independent structures of the founder-town, with finances, property, “special rights” (statutes), but also play an important role in its development.
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