Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Storage: Equilibrium Study of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier System 1-Methylindole/octahydro-1-methylindole

Methylated indoles could be potentially interesting components for hydrogen (H2) storage based on the Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) approach. It is likely that the methylated forms will preserve the beneficial thermochemical characteristics of indole compared to homocyclic LOHCs. At the same time, 1-methyl-indole is expected to have a higher stability than indole in the reactive cycle of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation. This study investigates whether the expectations regarding reaction thermodynamics and stability are justified. To this end, the chemical equilibria of the hydrogenation (+H2)/dehydrogenation (−H2) reactions of the indole/octahydroindole LOHC system was determined experimentally over a wide range of temperature, pressure, and hydrogen:feedstock ratio. Reaction thermodynamics were calculated from the relationship between temperature and equilibrium constant. In addition, the formation enthalpies of the species involved in the reaction have been determined experimentally utilizing combustion calorimetry. Further validation has been achieved using high-level quantum chemical methods. The evaluation confirms both hypotheses: (1) 1-methyl-indole exhibits less decomposition during reaction as is the case for the indole system. Hence, an improved stability of methylated LOHC molecules can be concluded; (2) The enthalpy of reaction for H2 release from octahydro-1-methyl-indole is estimated from the equilibrium experiments and calorimetric measurements to be about +55.6 kJ mol(H2)−1 for reaction in the liquid phase at standard conditions. This is comparable to the values observed for octahydro-indole.