近代国内对“黑死病”和历史上鼠疫大爆发的看法

IF 0.2 Q2 HISTORY
T. F. Khaydarov
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引用次数: 0

摘要

研究目的:分析近三十年来国家史学关于黑死病和历史上重大鼠疫疫情的主要研究趋势。研究资料:史学分析是根据国内对该主题的原始研究和与西方同事合著的研究进行的。为了概述本课题的主要理论基础,作者引用了鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的历史理论、人口学、气候学、古遗传学和系统发育方面的主要著作。研究的结果和新颖性:分析表明,直到20世纪80年代,俄罗斯历史学家对历史上的流行病的看法是基于19世纪下半叶一位主要的德国流行病学家H. Häser的研究。与此同时,国内历史学家对该主题的主要研究方向是在国内生物学家和流行病学家的命令框架内发展起来的。这种情况在20世纪80年代开始发生变化,当时俄罗斯的历史研究走上了地理决定论的道路。20世纪90年代下半叶至21世纪头十年,结合美国突厥学家U. Schamiloglu和法国历史学家的著作,国内作者的研究开始涉及人类学、文化研究和历史人口学领域的新课题。与此同时,一切理论思考继续在马克思主义“中世纪危机”理论的框架内形成。因此,“黑死病”被认为完全是与主要事件相伴随的主题。直到2010年代,随着与西方专家在考古学、古遗传学和气候学领域的联合研究的发展,才有可能开始为俄罗斯史学研究的主题建立新的理论和方法基础。这一过程的结果是发表了新的研究成果,这些成果很可能决定未来几年俄罗斯历史流行病学领域的主要科学研究方向。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
A Modern Domestic View of the “Black Death” and Major Epidemic Outbreaks of the Plague in the Historical Past
Research objectives: To analyze the main research trends of the last thirty years in the national historiography on the topic of the Black Death and major epidemic outbreaks of plague in the historical past. Research materials: The historiographic analysis was conducted based on both original domestic studies of the topic and those written in co-authorship with Western colleagues. To outline the main theoretical base of the topic, the author used major works on the historical theory, demography, climatology, paleogenetics, and phylogenetics of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis. Results and novelty of the research: The analysis showed that until the 1980s, the views of Russian historians on the epidemics of the historical past were based on the study of a major German epidemiologist in the second half of nineteenth century, H. Häser. At the same time, the main directions in the research of domestic historians on the topic were developed within the framework of an order from domestic biologists and epidemiologists. This situation began to change when, in the 1980s, Russian historical research took a course towards geographical determinism. From the second half of the 1990s to the 2000s, in connection with the publications of the American Turkologist U. Schamiloglu and French historians, new topics in the field of anthropology, cultural studies, and historical demography began to be addressed in the research of domestic authors. At the same time, all theoretical considerations continued to be formed within the framework of the Marxist theory of the “crisis of the Middle Ages”. Therefore, the “Black Death” was considered exclusively as a concomitant theme attached to the main events. Only in the 2010s, in the light of the growth of joint research with Western specialists in the field of archaeology, paleogenetics, and climatology was it possible to start moving towards the development of a new theoretical and methodological basis for research on the topic in Russian historiography. The result of this process was the publication of new studies which are likely to determine the predominant course of scientific research in the field of historical epidemiology in Russia in the coming years.
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CiteScore
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