Summer hypoxia in Bohai Sea caused by changes in phytoplankton community

In the deep central part of the Bohai Sea off the coast of northern China, long-term observations show significantly lower dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration near the bottom in summer during 2006–2018 than during 1978–2005. The decrease in bottom DO is closely linked to changes in phytoplankton community driven by nutrient structure changes in the water column. From literature review, observations in the phytoplankton community structure indicate an increase in the abundant proportion of dinoflagellate to diatom and miniaturization since the 21st century. The new dominate species of dinoflagel-late and the pico- and nano-celled algae detritus, with slow sinking rate and long residence time, favor the efficient oxygen consumption in the water column and lead to oxygen depletion enhancement and DO concentration decrease after 2006. Analyses also suggest that water temperature, stratification, and resuspension of sediment play less significant roles in long-term variations of DO. The linkage of hypoxia formation to changes of phytoplankton community answers why hypoxia in the Bohai Sea started to occur in the recent decade while eutrophication began since the 1980s. The identified new mechanism of hypoxia formation may be applicable to other coastal seas where eutrophication has led to changes in the phytoplankton community, and should be considered in biogeochemical models.