报告实证研究中规范性偏见的风险:从产前筛查研究中吸取的关于公认局限性突出性的经验教训。

Theoretical medicine and bioethics Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-06 DOI:10.1007/s11017-023-09639-x
Panagiota Nakou, Rebecca Bennett
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在生物伦理学研究中,经验数据可以成为一种极其强大和有影响力的工具。然而,当研究人员或政策制定者通过参与实证研究来寻找伦理问题的答案时,可能存在一种倾向(有意识或无意识),即以确认他们自己偏好的伦理结论的方式来塑造、报告和使用实证研究。这种扭曲效应——我们称之为“规范性偏见”——往往是如此微妙,以至于达不到明显的不当行为,因此很难指出。然而,我们认为,偏见的这种微妙影响有可能对围绕高度敏感的道德问题的辩论和政策产生重大影响,必须加以防范。在这篇论文中,我们分享了我们在自我反思之旅中所学到的教训,即在报告和参考与道德问题相关的实证数据时,规范偏见可能产生的影响。我们使用我们的常规产前筛查伦理领域的各种论文来说明这些微妙但往往强烈扭曲的偏见影响。我们这样做的目的不是批评他人的工作,因为我们认识到自己的规范偏见,而是提高对这个问题的认识,提醒我们需要自反性来防范自己的偏见,并引入了一种新的标准——“局限性突出度评估”的概念,它可以作为一种实用的方法来评估实证研究局限性的严重性,从而评估研究通过肤浅的阅读被误读或误解的风险。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The risk of normative bias in reporting empirical research: lessons learned from prenatal screening studies about the prominence of acknowledged limitations.

Empirical data can be an extremely powerful and influential tool in bioethical research. However, when researchers or policy makers look for answers to ethical questions by engaging with empirical research, there can be a tendency (conscious or unconscious) to shape, report, and use empirical research in a way that confirms their own preferred ethical conclusions. This skewing effect - what we call 'normative bias' - is often so subtle it falls short of clear misconduct and thus can be difficult to call out. However, we argue that this subtle influence of bias has the potential to significantly influence debate and policy around highly sensitive ethical issues and must be guarded against. In this paper we share the lessons we have learned through a journey of self-reflection around the effect that normative bias can have when reporting on and referring to empirical data relating to ethical issues. We use a variety of papers from our area of the ethics of routine prenatal screening to illustrate these subtle but often powerfully distorting effects of bias. Our aim in doing so is not to criticise the work of others, as we recognise our own normative bias, but to improve awareness of this issue, remind the need for reflexivity to guard against our own biases, and introduce a new criterion - the idea of a 'limitation prominence assessment' - that can work as a practical way to evaluate the seriousness of the limitations of an empirical study and thus, the risks of the study being misread or misinterpreted through superficial reading.

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