Thomas Sven Christer Grönthal, Anna Karoliina Lehto, Sanna Sofia Aarnio, Eva Katarina Eskola, Elina Marjaana Aimo-Koivisto, Teemu Karlsson, Heli Irmeli Koskinen, Alex-Mikael Barkoff, Qiushui He, Taru Lienemann, Ruska Rimhanen-Finne, Anna Mykkänen
{"title":"2021年，芬兰一家马厩爆发了与产毒和非产毒白喉棒状杆菌以及非产毒溃疡棒状杆菌相关的牧场皮炎。","authors":"Thomas Sven Christer Grönthal, Anna Karoliina Lehto, Sanna Sofia Aarnio, Eva Katarina Eskola, Elina Marjaana Aimo-Koivisto, Teemu Karlsson, Heli Irmeli Koskinen, Alex-Mikael Barkoff, Qiushui He, Taru Lienemann, Ruska Rimhanen-Finne, Anna Mykkänen","doi":"10.1111/zph.13090","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div>\n \n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Aims</h3>\n \n <p><i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i> and <i>Corynebacterium ulcerans</i>, when producing toxin, are the cause of diphtheria, a potentially life-threatening illness in humans. Horses (<i>Equus ferus caballus</i>) are known to be susceptible to infection that may manifest clinically on rare occasions. In late 2021 and early 2022, specimens from five horses suffering from pastern dermatitis were cultured at the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland. <i>C. diphtheriae</i> and/or <i>C. ulcerans</i> were recovered from all of these. This study aimed to (1) analyse the bacterial isolates and (2) describe the outbreak and identify possible sources of the infection and infection routes in the stable.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\n \n <p>Susceptibility testing, PCR for the <i>tox</i> gene, and Elek test for toxin production in PCR-positive isolates were performed. Whole genome sequencing was also conducted to achieve high-resolution strain typing. An epidemiological survey was done by means of a semi-structured interview of horses' caretaker, and contact tracing was done among people at the stable. Two <i>tox</i> gene-positive, toxin-producing <i>C. diphtheriae</i> belonged to sequence type (ST) 822. Other <i>C. diphtheriae</i> (<i>n</i> = 2, ST828) and <i>C. ulcerans</i> (<i>n</i> = 2, ST325 and ST838) isolates did not carry the <i>tox</i> gene. The epidemiological investigation explored numerous possible routes of transmission, but the definite source of infection was not identified. All established human contacts tested negative for diphtheriae. All horses recovered after antimicrobial treatment.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Conclusions</h3>\n \n <p>Our study shows that <i>C. diphtheriae</i> and <i>C. ulcerans</i> may readily spread among horses at the same stable and complicate pastern dermatitis infections. These potentially zoonotic bacteria can cause outbreaks even in a country with a very low prevalence. Caretakers should be encouraged to wear gloves and practice good hand hygiene when treating infected skin lesions in horses.</p>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 2","pages":"127-135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2023-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13090","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Pastern dermatitis outbreak associated with toxigenic and non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and non-toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans at a horse stable in Finland, 2021\",\"authors\":\"Thomas Sven Christer Grönthal, Anna Karoliina Lehto, Sanna Sofia Aarnio, Eva Katarina Eskola, Elina Marjaana Aimo-Koivisto, Teemu Karlsson, Heli Irmeli Koskinen, Alex-Mikael Barkoff, Qiushui He, Taru Lienemann, Ruska Rimhanen-Finne, Anna Mykkänen\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/zph.13090\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div>\\n \\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Aims</h3>\\n \\n <p><i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i> and <i>Corynebacterium ulcerans</i>, when producing toxin, are the cause of diphtheria, a potentially life-threatening illness in humans. Horses (<i>Equus ferus caballus</i>) are known to be susceptible to infection that may manifest clinically on rare occasions. In late 2021 and early 2022, specimens from five horses suffering from pastern dermatitis were cultured at the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland. <i>C. diphtheriae</i> and/or <i>C. ulcerans</i> were recovered from all of these. This study aimed to (1) analyse the bacterial isolates and (2) describe the outbreak and identify possible sources of the infection and infection routes in the stable.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\\n \\n <p>Susceptibility testing, PCR for the <i>tox</i> gene, and Elek test for toxin production in PCR-positive isolates were performed. Whole genome sequencing was also conducted to achieve high-resolution strain typing. An epidemiological survey was done by means of a semi-structured interview of horses' caretaker, and contact tracing was done among people at the stable. Two <i>tox</i> gene-positive, toxin-producing <i>C. diphtheriae</i> belonged to sequence type (ST) 822. Other <i>C. diphtheriae</i> (<i>n</i> = 2, ST828) and <i>C. ulcerans</i> (<i>n</i> = 2, ST325 and ST838) isolates did not carry the <i>tox</i> gene. The epidemiological investigation explored numerous possible routes of transmission, but the definite source of infection was not identified. All established human contacts tested negative for diphtheriae. All horses recovered after antimicrobial treatment.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Conclusions</h3>\\n \\n <p>Our study shows that <i>C. diphtheriae</i> and <i>C. ulcerans</i> may readily spread among horses at the same stable and complicate pastern dermatitis infections. These potentially zoonotic bacteria can cause outbreaks even in a country with a very low prevalence. Caretakers should be encouraged to wear gloves and practice good hand hygiene when treating infected skin lesions in horses.</p>\\n </section>\\n </div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":24025,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Zoonoses and Public Health\",\"volume\":\"71 2\",\"pages\":\"127-135\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-11-05\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13090\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Zoonoses and Public Health\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"97\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zph.13090\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"农林科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"INFECTIOUS DISEASES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Zoonoses and Public Health","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zph.13090","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"INFECTIOUS DISEASES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Pastern dermatitis outbreak associated with toxigenic and non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and non-toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans at a horse stable in Finland, 2021
Aims
Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans, when producing toxin, are the cause of diphtheria, a potentially life-threatening illness in humans. Horses (Equus ferus caballus) are known to be susceptible to infection that may manifest clinically on rare occasions. In late 2021 and early 2022, specimens from five horses suffering from pastern dermatitis were cultured at the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland. C. diphtheriae and/or C. ulcerans were recovered from all of these. This study aimed to (1) analyse the bacterial isolates and (2) describe the outbreak and identify possible sources of the infection and infection routes in the stable.
Methods and Results
Susceptibility testing, PCR for the tox gene, and Elek test for toxin production in PCR-positive isolates were performed. Whole genome sequencing was also conducted to achieve high-resolution strain typing. An epidemiological survey was done by means of a semi-structured interview of horses' caretaker, and contact tracing was done among people at the stable. Two tox gene-positive, toxin-producing C. diphtheriae belonged to sequence type (ST) 822. Other C. diphtheriae (n = 2, ST828) and C. ulcerans (n = 2, ST325 and ST838) isolates did not carry the tox gene. The epidemiological investigation explored numerous possible routes of transmission, but the definite source of infection was not identified. All established human contacts tested negative for diphtheriae. All horses recovered after antimicrobial treatment.
Conclusions
Our study shows that C. diphtheriae and C. ulcerans may readily spread among horses at the same stable and complicate pastern dermatitis infections. These potentially zoonotic bacteria can cause outbreaks even in a country with a very low prevalence. Caretakers should be encouraged to wear gloves and practice good hand hygiene when treating infected skin lesions in horses.
期刊介绍：
Zoonoses and Public Health brings together veterinary and human health researchers and policy-makers by providing a venue for publishing integrated and global approaches to zoonoses and public health. The Editors will consider papers that focus on timely collaborative and multi-disciplinary research in zoonoses and public health. This journal provides rapid publication of original papers, reviews, and potential discussion papers embracing this collaborative spirit. Papers should advance the scientific knowledge of the sources, transmission, prevention and control of zoonoses and be authored by scientists with expertise in areas such as microbiology, virology, parasitology and epidemiology. Articles that incorporate recent data into new methods, applications, or approaches (e.g. statistical modeling) which enhance public health are strongly encouraged.
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