Blockade of TNF-α/TNFR2 signalling suppresses colorectal cancer and enhances the efficacy of anti-PD1 immunotherapy by decreasing CCR8+T regulatory cells.

The enrichment of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumour microenvironment (TME) has been recognized as one of the major factors in the initiation and development of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. C-C motif chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8), a marker of activated suppressive Tregs, has a significant impact on the functions of Tregs in the TME. However, the regulatory mechanism of CCR8 in Tregs remains unclear. Here, we revealed that a high level of TNF-α in the colorectal cancer (CRC) microenvironment upregulated CCR8 expression in Tregs via the TNFR2/NF-κB signalling pathway and the FOXP3 transcription factor. Furthermore, in both anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD1)-responsive and anti-PD1-unresponsive tumour models, PD1 blockade induced CCR8+ Treg infiltration. In both models, Tnfr2 depletion or TNFR2 blockade suppressed tumour progression by reducing CCR8+ Treg infiltration and thus augmented the efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy. Finally, we identified that TNFR2+CCR8+ Tregs but not total Tregs were positively correlated with adverse prognosis in patients with CRC and gastric cancer. Our work reveals the regulatory mechanisms of CCR8 in Tregs and identifies TNFR2 as a promising target for immunotherapy.