A Benchmark for the Bayesian Inversion of Coefficients in Partial Differential Equations

SIAM Review, Volume 65, Issue 4, Page 1074-1105, November 2023.
Bayesian methods have been widely used in the last two decades to infer statistical properties of spatially variable coefficients in partial differential equations from measurements of the solutions of these equations. Yet, in many cases the number of variables used to parameterize these coefficients is large, and oobtaining meaningful statistics of their probability distributions is difficult using simple sampling methods such as the basic Metropolis--Hastings algorithm---in particular, if the inverse problem is ill-conditioned or ill-posed. As a consequence, many advanced sampling methods have been described in the literature that converge faster than Metropolis--Hastings, for example, by exploiting hierarchies of statistical models or hierarchies of discretizations of the underlying differential equation. At the same time, it remains difficult for the reader of the literature to quantify the advantages of these algorithms because there is no commonly used benchmark. This paper presents a benchmark Bayesian inverse problem---namely, the determination of a spatially variable coefficient, discretized by 64 values, in a Poisson equation, based on point measurements of the solution---that fills the gap between widely used simple test cases (such as superpositions of Gaussians) and real applications that are difficult to replicate for developers of sampling algorithms. We provide a complete description of the test case and provide an open-source implementation that can serve as the basis for further experiments. We have also computed $2\times 10^{11}$ samples, at a cost of some 30 CPU years, of the posterior probability distribution from which we have generated detailed and accurate statistics against which other sampling algorithms can be tested.