Mobility of antipyretic drugs with different molecular structures in saturated soil porous media†

In the post-COVID-19 era, extensive quantities of antipyretic drugs are being haphazardly released from households into the environment, which may pose potential risks to ecological systems and human health. Identification of the mobility behaviors of these compounds in the subsurface environment is crucial to understand the environmental fate of these common contaminants. The mobility properties of three broad-spectrum antipyretic drugs, including ibuprofen (IBF), indometacin (IMC), and acetaminophen (APAP), in porous soil media, were investigated in this study. The results showed that the mobility of the three drugs (the background electrolyte was Na⁺) through the soil column followed the order of APAP > IBF > IMC. The difference in the physicochemical characteristics of various antipyretic drugs (e.g., the molecular structure and hydrophobicity) could explain this trend. Unlike Na⁺, Ca²⁺ ions tended to serve as bridging agents by linking the soil grains and antipyretic molecules, leading to the relatively weak mobility behaviors of antipyretic drugs. Furthermore, for a given antipyretic drug, the antipyretic mobility was promoted when the background solution pH values were raised from 5.0 to 9.0. The phenomenon stemmed from the improved electrostatic repulsion between the dissociated species of antipyretic molecules and soil grains, as well as the weakened hydrophobic interactions between antipyretic drugs and soil organic matter. Furthermore, a two-site non-equilibrium transport model was used to estimate the mobility of antipyretic drugs. The results obtained from this work provide vital information illustrating the transport and retention of various antipyretic drugs in aquifers.