对市售氧化(磷酸)脂质的需求

K. Engel, Jenny Schroeter, Yulia Popkova, J. Schiller
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引用次数: 4

摘要

磷脂是细胞膜和细胞器的重要组成部分。此外,它们存在于体液中,特别是在血液中,其中脂质以脂蛋白的形式“水溶性”,使其能够在水环境中运输。脂质的普遍存在导致了不同分析“脂质组学”技术的发展,其中大多数方法是基于质谱(MS)[2]。尽管在这一领域取得了巨大的进展,但脂质分析仍然被认为是具有挑战性的,因为脂质具有极端的结构可变性,导致典型生物样品bbb中出现数百种不同的脂质。这是由于(a)不同的头基,如磷酸胆碱或-乙醇胺,(b)不同的脂肪酰基残基,从饱和残基,如肉豆蔻酸(14:0)到高度不饱和残基,如二十二碳六烯酸(22:6)和(c)连锁类型(酰基-酰基-,烷基-酰基-和烯基-酰基)[4]。所有这些结构方面都不能在单一的质谱实验中仅使用m/z比率进行评估。无论是LC分离之前的质谱,复杂的MS/MS技术和/或额外的方法,如离子迁移谱是强制性的。还必须强调的是,只有在使用合适的脂质标准时才能获得定量数据(如果有的话):通常每个脂类需要一个稳定同位素标记(氘化或13c标记)标准。这些标准也有助于纠正提取过程中专用脂类的损失,这对于脂类的富集以及盐和其他污染物的去除是必要的。虽然这种同位素标记的标准品相当昂贵,但如今在许多公司都可以买到。不幸的是,当对氧化脂质感兴趣时,情况要困难得多。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The Need for Commercially Available Defined Oxidized (Phospho)lipids
Phospholipids are essential components of cell membranes and organelles. Furthermore, they are present in body fluids, particularly in the blood, where lipids are made "water-soluble" in the form of lipoproteins to enable their transport in an aqueous environment [1]. The ubiquitous occurrence of lipids led to the development of different analytical "lipidomics" techniques, whereby the majority of these methods are based on mass spectrometry (MS) [2]. Although there was an enormous progress in this field, lipid analysis is still considered to be challenging due to the extreme structural variability of lipids which leads to the appearance of hundreds of different lipid species in a typical biological sample [3]. This is due to (a) the different headgroups such as phosphorylcholine or -ethanolamine, (b) the different fatty acyl residues ranging from saturated residues such as myristic acid (14:0) up to highly unsaturated residues such as docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) and (c) the linkage types (acyl-acyl-, alkyl-acyl-, and alkenyl-acyl) [4]. All these structural aspects cannot be assessed in a single MS experiment using the m/z ratios only. Either LC separation prior to MS, sophisticated MS/MS techniques and/or additional methods such as ion mobility spectroscopy is mandatory [5]. It must also be emphasized that quantitative data can only be (if at all) obtained when suitable lipid standards are used: one stable-isotope-labelled (deuterated or 13C-labelled) standard per lipid class is normally needed [6]. These standards are also useful to correct losses of dedicated lipid classes upon the extraction process which is necessary for the enrichment of lipids as well as the removal of salts and other contaminations. Although such isotope-labelled standards are quite expensive, they are nowadays commercially available from many companies. Unfortunately, the situation is much more difficult when oxidized lipids are of interest.
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