Katherine S. Dowdell, Hannah Greenwald Healy, Sayalee Joshi, Marianne Grimard-Conea, Sarah Pitell, Yang Song, Christian Ley, Lauren C. Kennedy, Solize Vosloo, Linxuan Huo, Sarah-Jane Haig, Kerry A. Hamilton, Kara L. Nelson, Ameet Pinto, Michèle Prévost, Caitlin R. Proctor, Lutgarde Raskin, Andrew J. Whelton, Emily Garner, Kelsey J. Pieper and William J. Rhoads
{"title":"新冠肺炎大流行期间,11个城市减少入住的建筑物中嗜肺军团菌的发生†","authors":"Katherine S. Dowdell, Hannah Greenwald Healy, Sayalee Joshi, Marianne Grimard-Conea, Sarah Pitell, Yang Song, Christian Ley, Lauren C. Kennedy, Solize Vosloo, Linxuan Huo, Sarah-Jane Haig, Kerry A. Hamilton, Kara L. Nelson, Ameet Pinto, Michèle Prévost, Caitlin R. Proctor, Lutgarde Raskin, Andrew J. Whelton, Emily Garner, Kelsey J. Pieper and William J. Rhoads","doi":"10.1039/D3EW00278K","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p >In spring 2020, numerous buildings were closed or operated at reduced occupancies to slow the spread of COVID-19. An unintended consequence of these social distancing measures was a reduction in water demand in many buildings. Concerns arose that contaminants associated with water stagnation, such as <em>Legionella pneumophila</em>, could become prevalent. To investigate the potential public health risk associated with <em>L. pneumophila</em>, samples from 26 reduced-occupancy buildings in 11 cities in the United States, Canada, and Switzerland were analyzed for <em>L. pneumophila</em> using liquid culture (Legiolert, <em>n</em> = 258) and DNA-based methods (qPCR/ddPCR, <em>n</em> = 138). <em>L. pneumophila</em> culture-positivity was largely associated with five buildings, each of which had specific design or operational deficiencies commonly associated with <em>L. pneumophila</em> occurrence. Samples from buildings with free chlorine residual disinfection had higher culture-positivity (37%) than samples from buildings with chloramine (1%). Additionally, 78% of culture-positive samples occurred when the disinfectant residual was ≤0.1 mg L<small><sup>−1</sup></small> Cl<small><sub>2</sub></small> and only three free chlorine samples were culture-positive when the disinfectant residual was >0.2 mg L<small><sup>−1</sup></small> as Cl<small><sub>2</sub></small>. Although overall sample positivity using culture- and DNA-based methods was equivalent (34% <em>vs.</em> 35%), there was disagreement between the methods in 13% of samples (<em>n</em> = 18 of 138). Few buildings reported any water management activities, and <em>L. pneumophila</em> concentrations in flushed samples were occasionally greater than in first-draw samples. This study provides insight into how building plumbing characteristics and water management practices contribute to <em>L. pneumophila</em> occurrence during low water use periods and can inform targeted prevention and mitigation efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":75,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","volume":" 11","pages":" 2847-2865"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1000,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2023/ew/d3ew00278k?page=search","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Legionella pneumophila occurrence in reduced-occupancy buildings in 11 cities during the COVID-19 pandemic†\",\"authors\":\"Katherine S. Dowdell, Hannah Greenwald Healy, Sayalee Joshi, Marianne Grimard-Conea, Sarah Pitell, Yang Song, Christian Ley, Lauren C. Kennedy, Solize Vosloo, Linxuan Huo, Sarah-Jane Haig, Kerry A. Hamilton, Kara L. Nelson, Ameet Pinto, Michèle Prévost, Caitlin R. Proctor, Lutgarde Raskin, Andrew J. Whelton, Emily Garner, Kelsey J. Pieper and William J. Rhoads\",\"doi\":\"10.1039/D3EW00278K\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p >In spring 2020, numerous buildings were closed or operated at reduced occupancies to slow the spread of COVID-19. An unintended consequence of these social distancing measures was a reduction in water demand in many buildings. Concerns arose that contaminants associated with water stagnation, such as <em>Legionella pneumophila</em>, could become prevalent. To investigate the potential public health risk associated with <em>L. pneumophila</em>, samples from 26 reduced-occupancy buildings in 11 cities in the United States, Canada, and Switzerland were analyzed for <em>L. pneumophila</em> using liquid culture (Legiolert, <em>n</em> = 258) and DNA-based methods (qPCR/ddPCR, <em>n</em> = 138). <em>L. pneumophila</em> culture-positivity was largely associated with five buildings, each of which had specific design or operational deficiencies commonly associated with <em>L. pneumophila</em> occurrence. Samples from buildings with free chlorine residual disinfection had higher culture-positivity (37%) than samples from buildings with chloramine (1%). Additionally, 78% of culture-positive samples occurred when the disinfectant residual was ≤0.1 mg L<small><sup>−1</sup></small> Cl<small><sub>2</sub></small> and only three free chlorine samples were culture-positive when the disinfectant residual was >0.2 mg L<small><sup>−1</sup></small> as Cl<small><sub>2</sub></small>. Although overall sample positivity using culture- and DNA-based methods was equivalent (34% <em>vs.</em> 35%), there was disagreement between the methods in 13% of samples (<em>n</em> = 18 of 138). Few buildings reported any water management activities, and <em>L. pneumophila</em> concentrations in flushed samples were occasionally greater than in first-draw samples. This study provides insight into how building plumbing characteristics and water management practices contribute to <em>L. pneumophila</em> occurrence during low water use periods and can inform targeted prevention and mitigation efforts.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":75,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology\",\"volume\":\" 11\",\"pages\":\" 2847-2865\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-08-18\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2023/ew/d3ew00278k?page=search\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/ew/d3ew00278k\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/ew/d3ew00278k","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
Legionella pneumophila occurrence in reduced-occupancy buildings in 11 cities during the COVID-19 pandemic†
In spring 2020, numerous buildings were closed or operated at reduced occupancies to slow the spread of COVID-19. An unintended consequence of these social distancing measures was a reduction in water demand in many buildings. Concerns arose that contaminants associated with water stagnation, such as Legionella pneumophila, could become prevalent. To investigate the potential public health risk associated with L. pneumophila, samples from 26 reduced-occupancy buildings in 11 cities in the United States, Canada, and Switzerland were analyzed for L. pneumophila using liquid culture (Legiolert, n = 258) and DNA-based methods (qPCR/ddPCR, n = 138). L. pneumophila culture-positivity was largely associated with five buildings, each of which had specific design or operational deficiencies commonly associated with L. pneumophila occurrence. Samples from buildings with free chlorine residual disinfection had higher culture-positivity (37%) than samples from buildings with chloramine (1%). Additionally, 78% of culture-positive samples occurred when the disinfectant residual was ≤0.1 mg L−1 Cl2 and only three free chlorine samples were culture-positive when the disinfectant residual was >0.2 mg L−1 as Cl2. Although overall sample positivity using culture- and DNA-based methods was equivalent (34% vs. 35%), there was disagreement between the methods in 13% of samples (n = 18 of 138). Few buildings reported any water management activities, and L. pneumophila concentrations in flushed samples were occasionally greater than in first-draw samples. This study provides insight into how building plumbing characteristics and water management practices contribute to L. pneumophila occurrence during low water use periods and can inform targeted prevention and mitigation efforts.
期刊介绍:
Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology seeks to showcase high quality research about fundamental science, innovative technologies, and management practices that promote sustainable water.