Application of nanomaterials with sulfur vacancy for enhanced cancer theranostics

Nanomaterials with excellent optical, electric, magnetic, and other physicochemical properties, are generally used in photodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, and photothermal therapy of cancer. To enhance nanomaterials’ superior physicochemical properties and improve cancer theranostic efficiency, various strategies have been proposed. Among them, the introduction of sulfur vacancy defects is a promising strategy for enhanced cancer theranostics. In this review, the formation and action mechanism of sulfur vacancy nanomaterials, as well as their application in cancer theranostics are first summarized. Then, the principle and application of various sulfur vacancy based-nanomaterials such as molybdenum, bismuth, zinc, copper, iron, ruthenium, silver, cobalt, cadmium, and polythionine in enhancing cancer therapy are highlighted. Finally, the future development prospect and current challenges of sulfur vacancy nanomaterials are also discussed. This review will help researchers quickly understand the information related to various sulfur vacancy-based nanomaterials in cancer therapy, promoting the further development of anti-cancer nanomedicine.