The presence of head-raising and resumptive-stranding in Japanese relative clauses

Japanese relative clauses (RCs) show peculiar characteristics. For instance, while weak crossover effects reveal that relativization includes movement, the absence of island effects seems to demonstrate that relativization does not include movement. Ishii (1991) accounts for this peculiarity of Japanese RCs by his last-resort analysis; however, because of the Inclusiveness Condition (Chomsky 1995), this last-resort model is not tenable in the Minimalist Program (MP). Therefore, an improved characterization of Ishii’s last-resort analysis of relativization in Japanese is needed within the framework of the MP. In this paper, I claim that reconstruction/connectivity effects show that Japanese RCs include promotion/head-raising. I then propose that the amendment of Boeckx’s (2003) resumptive-stranding model, which includes promotion/head-raising of a relative head and pro-stranding, can offer an account of both the movement properties and non-movement properties of Japanese RCs. The proposed analysis conforms...