Polskie quasi-narzędniki w przekładzie w świetle uniwersaliów przekładowych

The aim of the analysis is to prove the hypothesis about the differences between original and translated texts in the same language (so-called translation universals). A bidirectional parallel corpus representing the language of 30 authors and 37 translators made it possible to analyze German translational equivalents of Polish formal instrumental phrases (e.g. dono ś nym g l osem , spokojnym tonem ): a standard prepositional phrase ( mit _ Stimme , im _ Ton ), an adverb, a nominal phrase, a verb, a phrase or a sentence. The qualitative and quantitative comparison of over 800 bitexts (translations into Polish and from Polish) allowed the author to perceive some features of translation – it could be observed that translators tend to resort to standard solutions, which can be interpreted as levellig out – one of translation universals. While translating into Polish, they tend to use the formal instrumental as an equivalent of not only German prepositional phrases or adverbs, but also nominal phrases, verbs or sentences, which is not determined by different language structures in most cases. When translating into German, “second authors” use mainly prepositional phrases and only seldom adverbs. It could also be observed that only some translators try to change the source-text imagery (e.g. the described point of view). Moreover, the translational analysis helped to show the preference for the formal instrumental phrase to serve as a secondary predicate in the sentence – on the surface it describes what can be perceived with hearing; however, in fact it can also provide information about the agent’s emotions or attitudes.