Larissa Gonçalves Moraes, Michael Douglas Roque Lima, Gabriel Assis-Pereira, Delman de Almeida Gonçalves, Graziela Baptista Vidaurre, Lina Bufalino, Fernanda Trisltz Perassolo Guedes, Mário Tomazello-Filho, Thiago de Paula Protásio
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The experiment was established with initial planting spacings of 3.0 × 1.5 m, 3.0 × 2.0 m, 3.0 × 2.5 m, 3.0 × 3.0 m, 3.0 × 3.5 m, and 3.0 × 4.0 m. 102-month-old trees were harvested for the work. Disks sampled along the stem height were tested for wood basic density and density measured by X-ray densitometry (air-dry density by growth ring) analyses. Disks obtained at the 1.3 m height were photographed and submitted to image manipulation for heartwood/sapwood analysis. The lowest average wood density was 0.512 g cm<sup>−3</sup> in the 3.0 × 1.5 m spacing, and the highest was 0.538 g cm<sup>−3</sup> in the 3.0 × 4.0 m spacing. Among non-forked trees, 66% had medium-density (≥ 0.500 g cm<sup>−3</sup>) and 34% low-density (< 0.500 g cm<sup>−3</sup>) wood. In contrast, forked trees had only 55% of trees with medium-density wood. The X-ray density profiles reduced from 0.713 to 0.582 g cm<sup>−3</sup> in the increasing longitudinal direction and from 0.393 to 0.973 g cm<sup>−3</sup> in the radial direction. Forking did not influence the heartwood proportion (60.03–61.54%). The 3.0 × 3.0 m spacing favored the wood quality concerning density class and variability, while the widest spacings improved heartwood formation. The forking increases the chances of low-density wood and its variations along the stem. 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引用次数: 1
摘要
3.0 m × 3.0 m间距降低了木性变异，增加了中密度木材的比例，而分岔增加了低密度木材的比例。摘要亚马逊地区有潜力成为森林能源作物的树种，需要进一步研究造林对木材质量的影响。本研究旨在探讨亚马逊地区同质人工林中，种植间距和茎型(分叉和非分叉)对寻常塔奇加利基本木材密度、x射线密度和心材发育的影响。试验初始种植间距分别为3.0 × 1.5 m、3.0 × 2.0 m、3.0 × 2.5 m、3.0 × 3.0 m、3.0 × 3.5 m和3.0 × 4.0 m，采伐102月龄树木。沿茎高取样的圆盘进行木材基本密度和x射线密度测量(生长环空气干密度)分析。在1.3 m高度获得的磁盘被拍照并提交图像处理以进行心材/边材分析。平均木材密度在3.0 × 1.5 m处最低，为0.512 g cm−3，在3.0 × 4.0 m处最高，为0.538 g cm−3。在无分枝树木中，66%为中密度木材(≥0.500 g cm−3)，34%为低密度木材(< 0.500 g cm−3)。相比之下，分叉树只有55%的树木具有中等密度的木材。x射线密度分布在纵向上从0.713减小到0.582 g cm−3，在径向上从0.393减小到0.973 g cm−3。分岔对心材比例无显著影响(60.03 ~ 61.54%)。3.0 × 3.0 m间距有利于木材的密度级和变异性，而最宽间距有利于心材的形成。分叉增加了低密度木材及其沿茎变化的机会。因此，今后的遗传研究应着重于这一现象，以提高塔奇加利能源林的生产力。
Forking and planting spacing impacts on wood density, X-ray density, and heartwood proportion of Tachigali vulgaris
Key message
In Tachigali vulgaris planting, the 3.0 × 3.0 m spacing reduced variability in wood properties and increased the proportion of medium-density wood, while forking increased the proportion of low-density wood.
Abstract
Promising Amazonia species for forest energy crops require further investigation into how silviculture affects wood quality. This study sought to investigate how planting spacing and stem type (forked and non-forked) affect the basic wood density, X-ray density, and heartwood development of Tachigali vulgaris in a homogeneous plantation in Amazonia. The experiment was established with initial planting spacings of 3.0 × 1.5 m, 3.0 × 2.0 m, 3.0 × 2.5 m, 3.0 × 3.0 m, 3.0 × 3.5 m, and 3.0 × 4.0 m. 102-month-old trees were harvested for the work. Disks sampled along the stem height were tested for wood basic density and density measured by X-ray densitometry (air-dry density by growth ring) analyses. Disks obtained at the 1.3 m height were photographed and submitted to image manipulation for heartwood/sapwood analysis. The lowest average wood density was 0.512 g cm−3 in the 3.0 × 1.5 m spacing, and the highest was 0.538 g cm−3 in the 3.0 × 4.0 m spacing. Among non-forked trees, 66% had medium-density (≥ 0.500 g cm−3) and 34% low-density (< 0.500 g cm−3) wood. In contrast, forked trees had only 55% of trees with medium-density wood. The X-ray density profiles reduced from 0.713 to 0.582 g cm−3 in the increasing longitudinal direction and from 0.393 to 0.973 g cm−3 in the radial direction. Forking did not influence the heartwood proportion (60.03–61.54%). The 3.0 × 3.0 m spacing favored the wood quality concerning density class and variability, while the widest spacings improved heartwood formation. The forking increases the chances of low-density wood and its variations along the stem. Thus, future genetic studies should focus on this phenomenon to increase the productivity of Tachigali vulgaris energy forests.
期刊介绍：
Trees - Structure and Function publishes original articles on the physiology, biochemistry, functional anatomy, structure and ecology of trees and other woody plants. Also presented are articles concerned with pathology and technological problems, when they contribute to the basic understanding of structure and function of trees. In addition to original articles and short communications, the journal publishes reviews on selected topics concerning the structure and function of trees.
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