序言:塑造爱国主义——美国在奥运会上的表现

IF 0.8 4区 教育学 Q1 HISTORY
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引用次数: 4

摘要

长期以来,美国一直处于现代世界历史上两大发展的中心:国家的崛起和胜利,以及体育运动的发展和传播。在美国,体育和民族主义长期以来一直交织在一起。在1776年孕育了新国家的革命浪潮中,开国元勋约翰·亚当斯(John Adams)命令他的幼稚的同胞们在庆祝《独立宣言》的周年纪念日时,除了其他盛大的仪式外,还要举行“游戏”和“体育运动”。用体育来定义各种各样的民族身份,狂热地追求建立不同于前殖民统治者英国的运动的民族消遣,这在美国早期历史上留下了深刻的印记。在职业拳击赛、游艇比赛和行人表演中,美国运动员试图维护他们新国家的自豪感和声誉,以对抗昔日的祖国——体育和美国民族文化的许多其他方面。在棒球和美式足球中,美国构建了民族主义的替代方案,以应对英国板球和英式足球不断蔓延的威胁。随着20世纪的临近,美国已经非常擅长在运动场上塑造爱国主义。参加国际竞赛和把这些冲突的结果解释为国家地位的标志的传统已经牢固地确立下来。美国人不仅在约翰·亚当斯(John Adams)著名的独立日运动和游戏中庆祝民族主义,而且在日历的其他时间也庆祝民族主义。在19世纪的最后十年,一个国际体育运动和爱国主义的新论坛出现了。在现代奥运会上,法国的皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦男爵为各国的展示创造了一个强有力的论坛。在国际世界主义的修辞外衣下,就像男爵模仿了最初的奥林匹克结构的世界博览会一样,奥运会,就像世界博览会一样,在历史上为狂热展示民族沙文主义提供了机会。就像顾拜旦自己所理解的那样,衡量国家是奥林匹克运动的核心,它在国际公平运动中也占有同样的地位。美国有充分的条件和良好的地理位置来利用奥运会的可能性来制造爱国主义。从1896年雅典首届现代奥运会开始,美国发起了一项协调一致的努力,《国际体育史杂志》Vol. 25, No. 2, 2008年2月15日,135 - 141
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Prologue: Crafting Patriotism – America at the Olympic Games
The United States has long been near the centre of two major developments in the history of the modern world: the rise and triumph of the nation and the evolution and spread of sport. In the United States sport and nationalism have long been intertwined. [1] In the revolutionary ferment of 1776 that gave birth to the new nation, founding father John Adams commanded his callow countrymen to celebrate future anniversaries of Declaration of Independence with, among other grand ceremonies, ‘games’ and ‘sports’. [2] The use of sport to define a variety of national identities and the feverish quest to construct national pastimes that differed from the games of their former colonial overlords in Great Britain litter the early history of the United States. In prize fights, yacht races and pedestrian spectacles, American athletes sought to uphold their new nation’s pride and reputation against the former motherland – of sport and of much of the rest of American national culture. In baseball and American football, the United States constructed nationalistic alternatives to the spreading menace of British cricket and British varieties of football. [3] As the twentieth century loomed, the United States was already well-practised in crafting patriotism on playing fields. A tradition of engaging in international competitions and interpreting the results of those clashes as markers of national status had been firmly laid down. Americans celebrated nationalism not only in Independence Day sports and games as John Adams had famously commanded, but throughout the rest of the calendar as well. In the last decade of the nineteenth century a new forum for international sport, and for the crafting of patriotism, debuted. In the modern Olympic Games France’s Baron Pierre de Coubertin created a powerful forum for the display of nations. Clothed in the rhetoric of international cosmopolitanism like the world’s fairs on which the Baron modelled much of the initial Olympic structure, the games, like world’s fairs, have historically provided opportunities for rabid displays of national chauvinism. The measurement of nations, as de Coubertin himself understood, resides at the centre of the Olympic movement, the same place it occupied in the world’s fair movement. [4] The United States was well-suited and well-situated to take advantage of the Olympian possibilities for the manufacture of patriotism. Beginning at the inaugural modern games at Athens in 1896, the United States launched a concerted effort to The International Journal of the History of Sport Vol. 25, No. 2, February 15th 2008, 135 – 141
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