盖伦、占卜与医学的地位

IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q1 Arts and Humanities
Peter van Nuffelen
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引用次数: 8

摘要

盖伦成功预测疾病发展的故事是他作品中最著名的轶事。这些精彩的自我展示,使盖伦与他的同伴们区别开来,他们试图通过指责他们的上级同事使用魔法和占卜来掩盖自己的无知。这些指控通常被解释为非常真实的威胁,因为罗马法惩罚非法魔法和占卜。有人指出,盖伦有时喜欢把自己描绘成螳螂和先知,其他人则认为,对盖伦的指控和他自己的自我表现表明,医学和宗教之间的界限仍然是不确定的。这两种方法都正确地将人们的注意力引向了指控所暴露的社会现实:它们表明盖伦属于一群身份可疑的治疗师,他们在帝国中占据着一席之地,因此表明医学并没有垄断治疗。然而,这样的社会历史方法可能还不够。首先,这两种解释都有其局限性。关于前者,可以说奥古斯都禁止占卜是为了控制对皇帝的预言,人们可以怀疑广泛取缔各种形式的占卜的意图。对第二种观点的一个可能的反对意见是,在他的全部作品中,盖伦强调他的医学是一项理性的事业,甚至是一门科学(epistêmê)。如果有人认为他作为螳螂的自我表现不仅仅是隐喻,而且表明医学作为一门独立的科学学科尚未完全明确的身份,那么盖伦通常将自己的工艺理解为一门“科学”的方式需要解释。除了这些可能的反对意见之外,还需要提出一系列不同的问题:为什么对盖伦练习魔法和占卜的指控是针对他的,为什么这些指控在他的作品中如此频繁地出现?为什么是占卜,而不是下毒?
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
GALEN, DIVINATION AND THE STATUS OF MEDICINE1
Galen's stories about his successes in predicting the development of an illness belong to the best-known anecdotes drawn from his writings. Brilliant pieces of self-presentation, they set Galen apart from his peers, who tried to cover up their ignorance by levelling accusations of magic and divination against their superior colleague. These accusations are usually interpreted as very real threats, as Roman law punished illicit magic and divination. Pointing out that Galen sometimes likes to present himself as a mantis and a prophet, others have suggested that the accusations against Galen and his own self-presentation indicate that the border line between medicine and religion was still fluid. Both approaches correctly draw attention to the social reality that the accusations betray: they suggest that Galen belongs to a group of healers of dubious standing that populated the empire and thus show that medicine did not have a monopoly on healing. Yet such a socio-historical approach may not be sufficient. For one thing, both explanations have their limitations. Regarding the former, it can be said that Augustus' prohibition of divination aimed at controlling prediction about the emperor and one can doubt that a widespread clampdown of all forms of divination ever was intended. A possible objection to the second view is that throughout his oeuvre Galen emphasizes his medicine as a rational undertaking, even as a science (epistêmê). If one takes his self-presentation as a mantis to be more than metaphorical and to indicate the not yet fully crystallized identity of medicine as a separate scientific discipline, then Galen's usual way of understanding his own craft as a ‘science’ is in need of explanation. Besides such possible objections, a different set of questions still needs to be asked: why precisely were accusations of practising magic and divination levelled against Galen and why do they recur so frequently in his writings? Why divination and not, say, poisoning?
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.40
自引率
0.00%
发文量
39
期刊介绍: The Classical Quarterly has a reputation for publishing the highest quality classical scholarship for nearly 100 years. It publishes research papers and short notes in the fields of language, literature, history and philosophy. Two substantial issues (around 300 pages each) of The Classical Quarterly appear each year, in May and December. Given the quality and depth of the articles published in The Classical Quarterly, any serious classical library needs to have a copy on its shelves. Published for the The Classical Association
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