Young-Bin Son, Tae-Bum Kim, Hyeon-Jin Min, Jihyun Yang, Myung-Gyu Kim, Sang Kyung Jo, Won Yong Cho, Se Won Oh
{"title":"吸烟会增加高钠摄入者发生蛋白尿的风险：2008-2011年和2014-2018年韩国国家健康和营养检查调查（KNHANES）。","authors":"Young-Bin Son, Tae-Bum Kim, Hyeon-Jin Min, Jihyun Yang, Myung-Gyu Kim, Sang Kyung Jo, Won Yong Cho, Se Won Oh","doi":"10.23876/j.krcp.22.133","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Smoking and sodium intake (SI) have been evaluated as risk factors for kidney disease; however, the data are inconsistent. We assessed the association between SI and cotinine-verified smoking status and the risk of albuminuria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational study using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2011 and 2014- 2018) was performed. We included 37,410 adults with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The smoking status was assumed based on the urine cotinine/creatinine ratio (Ucot/Ucrea). SI was estimated from spot urine sodium using the Kawasaki formula.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ucot/Ucrea levels were significantly higher in current smokers (920.22 ± 9.00 ng/mg) than in ex-smokers and nonsmokers (48.31 ± 2.47 and 23.84 ± 1.30 ng/mg) (p < 0.001). Ucot/Ucrea levels were significantly higher in second-hand smokers than in participants without a history of smoking (p < 0.001). Ucot/Ucrea levels were positively associated with SI (p for trend < 0.001). Smoking status was not associated with albuminuria. SI had a linear relationship with albuminuria (p < 0.001). In groups with the highest Ucot/Ucrea levels, the highest SI quartile indicated a significantly higher risk of albuminuria than that in the lowest quartile (risk ratio, 2.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-3.92; p = 0.006). The risk of albuminuria was not significant in groups with the lowest and middle tertile adjusted for multiple risk factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Smokers consume higher dietary sodium and dietary SI was positively related to the risk of albuminuria. Smoking is not associated with albuminuria as a single factor. The risk of albuminuria is the higher in participants with smoking and high SI.</p>","PeriodicalId":17716,"journal":{"name":"Kidney Research and Clinical Practice","volume":" ","pages":"452-460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12066363/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Smoking amplifies the risk of albuminuria in individuals with high sodium intake: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2011 and 2014-2018.\",\"authors\":\"Young-Bin Son, Tae-Bum Kim, Hyeon-Jin Min, Jihyun Yang, Myung-Gyu Kim, Sang Kyung Jo, Won Yong Cho, Se Won Oh\",\"doi\":\"10.23876/j.krcp.22.133\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Smoking and sodium intake (SI) have been evaluated as risk factors for kidney disease; however, the data are inconsistent. We assessed the association between SI and cotinine-verified smoking status and the risk of albuminuria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational study using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2011 and 2014- 2018) was performed. We included 37,410 adults with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The smoking status was assumed based on the urine cotinine/creatinine ratio (Ucot/Ucrea). SI was estimated from spot urine sodium using the Kawasaki formula.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ucot/Ucrea levels were significantly higher in current smokers (920.22 ± 9.00 ng/mg) than in ex-smokers and nonsmokers (48.31 ± 2.47 and 23.84 ± 1.30 ng/mg) (p < 0.001). Ucot/Ucrea levels were significantly higher in second-hand smokers than in participants without a history of smoking (p < 0.001). Ucot/Ucrea levels were positively associated with SI (p for trend < 0.001). Smoking status was not associated with albuminuria. SI had a linear relationship with albuminuria (p < 0.001). In groups with the highest Ucot/Ucrea levels, the highest SI quartile indicated a significantly higher risk of albuminuria than that in the lowest quartile (risk ratio, 2.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-3.92; p = 0.006). The risk of albuminuria was not significant in groups with the lowest and middle tertile adjusted for multiple risk factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Smokers consume higher dietary sodium and dietary SI was positively related to the risk of albuminuria. Smoking is not associated with albuminuria as a single factor. The risk of albuminuria is the higher in participants with smoking and high SI.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":17716,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Kidney Research and Clinical Practice\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"452-460\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.9000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-05-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12066363/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Kidney Research and Clinical Practice\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.23876/j.krcp.22.133\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2023/10/24 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"Epub\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"UROLOGY & NEPHROLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Kidney Research and Clinical Practice","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.23876/j.krcp.22.133","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2023/10/24 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"UROLOGY & NEPHROLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Smoking amplifies the risk of albuminuria in individuals with high sodium intake: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2011 and 2014-2018.
Background: Smoking and sodium intake (SI) have been evaluated as risk factors for kidney disease; however, the data are inconsistent. We assessed the association between SI and cotinine-verified smoking status and the risk of albuminuria.
Methods: An observational study using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2011 and 2014- 2018) was performed. We included 37,410 adults with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The smoking status was assumed based on the urine cotinine/creatinine ratio (Ucot/Ucrea). SI was estimated from spot urine sodium using the Kawasaki formula.
Results: Ucot/Ucrea levels were significantly higher in current smokers (920.22 ± 9.00 ng/mg) than in ex-smokers and nonsmokers (48.31 ± 2.47 and 23.84 ± 1.30 ng/mg) (p < 0.001). Ucot/Ucrea levels were significantly higher in second-hand smokers than in participants without a history of smoking (p < 0.001). Ucot/Ucrea levels were positively associated with SI (p for trend < 0.001). Smoking status was not associated with albuminuria. SI had a linear relationship with albuminuria (p < 0.001). In groups with the highest Ucot/Ucrea levels, the highest SI quartile indicated a significantly higher risk of albuminuria than that in the lowest quartile (risk ratio, 2.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-3.92; p = 0.006). The risk of albuminuria was not significant in groups with the lowest and middle tertile adjusted for multiple risk factors.
Conclusion: Smokers consume higher dietary sodium and dietary SI was positively related to the risk of albuminuria. Smoking is not associated with albuminuria as a single factor. The risk of albuminuria is the higher in participants with smoking and high SI.
期刊介绍：
Kidney Research and Clinical Practice (formerly The Korean Journal of Nephrology; ISSN 1975-9460, launched in 1982), the official journal of the Korean Society of Nephrology, is an international, peer-reviewed journal published in English. Its ISO abbreviation is Kidney Res Clin Pract. To provide an efficient venue for dissemination of knowledge and discussion of topics related to basic renal science and clinical practice, the journal offers open access (free submission and free access) and considers articles on all aspects of clinical nephrology and hypertension as well as related molecular genetics, anatomy, pathology, physiology, pharmacology, and immunology. In particular, the journal focuses on translational renal research that helps bridging laboratory discovery with the diagnosis and treatment of human kidney disease. Topics covered include basic science with possible clinical applicability and papers on the pathophysiological basis of disease processes of the kidney. Original researches from areas of intervention nephrology or dialysis access are also welcomed. Major article types considered for publication include original research and reviews on current topics of interest. Accepted manuscripts are granted free online open-access immediately after publication, which permits its users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of its articles to facilitate access to a broad readership. Circulation number of print copies is 1,600.
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