Review on multi-dimensional assembled S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts

S-scheme heterostructure photocatalysts utilize the synergistic and superposition effects of materials, effectively separating electrons and holes, maintaining strong redox capacity, and addressing issues encountered by current photocatalytic reactions. This review explores the origins and unique benefits of S-scheme heterojunctions. Specifically, we summarized and discussed the effects of different dimensions of semiconductors constituting S-scheme heterojunctions and the similarities and differences in electron transfer processes when constructing heterojunctions. Additionally, we analyzed several methods for proving the formation of S-scheme heterojunctions and the electron transfer process, both directly and indirectly. Finally, we review the applications of S-scheme heterojunctions in various fields of photocatalysis, including photocatalytic water splitting, pollution degradation, CO₂ reduction and other related photocatalytic applications. Our hope is that this review will provide an essential reference for the development and application of S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysis.