二十世纪之交法国的法律、劳动和午餐

IF 0.8 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY
Martin Bruegel
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在1900年左右,通风成为减少工作场所粉尘和气体对健康影响的一种有效技术。然而,这一重大卫生问题的技术解决方案与人为因素发生了冲突。1894年,法国法律要求在午餐期间清理车间,以促进通风,工人们抵制这一禁令,认为这扰乱了他们的日常饮食习惯。当局依靠劳动监察员来解决有争议的情况。1901年,由工会领导的巴黎高级时装区罢工使这个问题引起了全国的关注。罢工妇女要求严格执行通风规定。行政长官答应了,但新发现的热情随后重新点燃了对该规定的敌意。女工们推翻了自己的主张,发起了一场以社区为基础的请愿运动,要求恢复罢工前的宽容。1902年该规定的实施引发了女裁缝再次罢工的传言,促使政府改变了态度。当局认识到街头的力量和公共秩序混乱的威胁。政府屈服于妇女的影响。该法令的一个更为宽松的版本于1904年11月29日发布,它并不自动要求撤离工作场所。我们花了十年时间,走了一条曲折的道路,才克服了有目的的立法行动所带来的意想不到的后果。新规定被证明是非常可靠的:直到新冠疫情迫使政府暂时批准在工作场所吃饭,以防止病毒在食堂和餐馆传播,新规定才得以实施。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Law, Labour and Lunch in France at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

Ventilation emerged as an efficient technique to reduce the health impact of dust and gas in workspaces around 1900. However, this technical solution to a major sanitary problem collided with the human factor. When, in 1894, French law imposed shop-floor clearance during lunch to facilitate aeration, workers resisted the injunction as a disturbance of their daily eating routine. Authorities relied on labour inspectors to find solutions to contentious situations. The 1901 union-led strike in the high-fashion district in Paris propelled the issue to national attention. Striking women demanded the strict enforcement of the aeration rule. The executive obliged, but the newfound zeal subsequently rekindled antagonism towards the regulation. Reversing their claim, women workers launched a community-based petitioning campaign to return to pre-strike tolerance. Rumours of another walk-out by seamstresses, triggered by the enforcement of the regulation in 1902, precipitated a governmental volte-face. Authorities apprehended the power of the street and the threat of public disorder. Government yielded to the women's influence. A more relaxed version of the decree – it did not automatically require the evacuation of workspaces – appeared on 29 November 1904. It had taken ten years, and a zigzagging trajectory, to overcome the unanticipated consequences of purposive legislative action. The new rules proved to be very solid: they remained in place until Covid-19 pushed the government to temporarily authorize eating at one's workplace to prevent the spread of the virus in canteens and restaurants.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
1.10
自引率
0.00%
发文量
68
期刊介绍: International Review of Social History, is one of the leading journals in its field. Truly global in its scope, it focuses on research in social and labour history from a comparative and transnational perspective, both in the modern and in the early modern period, and across periods. The journal combines quality, depth and originality of its articles with an open eye for theoretical innovation and new insights and methods from within its field and from contiguous disciplines. Besides research articles, it features surveys of new themes and subject fields, a suggestions and debates section, review essays and book reviews. It is esteemed for its annotated bibliography of social history titles, and also publishes an annual supplement of specially commissioned essays on a current theme.
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