Graphitic carbon nitride-based electrocatalysts for energy applications

Layered graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has sparked extensive interest in energy applications due to the unique physicochemical properties, tunable molecular structure, and high stability. Herein, we review the research progress of g-C₃N₄-based electrocatalysts for energy applications and summarize their design strategies from the perspectives of surface engineering and interfacial engineering, including heteroatom doping, defect engineering, and heterostructure engineering. Finally, we provide perspectives on the challenges and future directions of g-C₃N₄-based electrocatalysts. This review would inspire new ideas into the development of next-generation g-C₃N₄-based electrocatalysts with improved performance toward the sustainable and clean energy conversion systems.