Exploration of optimal reaction conditions on lactic acid production from glucose photoreforming over carbon nitride

Biomass valorization by photoreforming approach provides a promising and alternative strategy to generate value-added chemicals and fuels. In this work, we demonstrate the selective production of lactic acid from glucose photoreforming over pristine graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) photocatalyst. Control experiments screen the best condition for the highest yield of lactic acid, including modulating pH, catalyst loading, and reaction time. 100% glucose conversion is achieved along with almost 100% lactic acid yield under the optimized condition. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the rate-determining step (RDS) of the overall reaction on g-C₃N₄ is the conversion of pyruvaldehyde, where an electron transfer takes place. This present work provides experimental insights and theoretical understanding for selective lactic acid production from biomass photoreforming.