Prevalence rates of chronic kidney disease and its association with cardiometabolic factors and cardiovascular diseases. SIMETAP-CKD study

Introduction

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem that contributes to the development of cardiovascular disorders such as heart failure and arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of CKD and to assess its association with ACVD and cardiometabolic risk factors.

Methods

Cross-sectional observational study conducted in primary care setting. Population-based random sample: 6588 people between 18 and 102 years old (response rate: 66%). Crude and sex- and age-adjusted prevalence rates of CKD according to KDIGO were determined by assessing albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) according to CKD-EPI, and their associations with cardiometabolic factors and ACVD were determined.

Results

The crude prevalence of CKD was 11.48% (95%CI: 10.72–12.27%), without significant difference between men (11.64% [95%CI: 10.49–12.86%]) and women (11.35% [95%CI: 10.34–12.41%]). The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rate of CKD was 9.16% (men: 8.61%; women: 9.69%). The prevalence of low eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m²) and albuminuria (≥30 mg/g) were 7.95% (95%CI: 7.30–8.61) and 5.98% (95%CI: 5.41–6.55), respectively.Hypertension, diabetes, prediabetes, increased waist-to-height ratio, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and ACVD were independently associated with CKD (p < 0.001). Very high cardiovascular risk (CVR) according to SCORE was found in 77.51% (95%CI 74.54–80.49) of the population with CKD.

Conclusions

The adjusted prevalence of CKD was 9.2% (low eGFR: 8.0%; albuminuria: 6.0%). Most of the patients with CKD had very high CVR. Hypertension, diabetes, prediabetes, increased waist-to-height ratio and ACVD were independently associated with CKD.