Cancer risk in adult congenital heart disease

Advances in diagnostics and interventional/surgical treatment of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) over the past several decades, allows a decline in rates of all-cause mortality, with a significant reduction in proportion of infant and childhood deaths with severe forms of CHD. However, the risk of premature death in adults with complex CHD remains elevated. A growing body of evidence has recently described the impact of non-cardiovascular comorbidities such as cancers, on morbidity, health care utilizations and mortality in adult patients with CHD. Aim of this review is to provide an appraisal of the current evidence that report associations between CHD and increased cancer risk in children and adults, and provide an overview of the specific risk factors.