Electrical Status Epilepticus during Sleep: Risk Factors, Clinical Course, and Treatment Approaches

Abstract Background  The efforts of clinicians are focused on determining the predictors for electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES) manifestation, due to the negative effect of ESES on cognition. Treatment approaches remain a leading problem because of therapeutic resistance. Objective  We looked for potential risk factors for ESES manifestation and summarize the clinical course and therapeutic approaches in patients with idiopathic and symptomatic ESES. Patients and Methods  We retrospectively reviewed the medical data of 51 children with idiopathic ESES and 20 children with symptomatic ESES. Results  We observed an earlier age of seizure onset ( p  = 0.0002) and a higher percentage of cases with multiple seizures ( p  < 0.00001) and with postictal paralysis ( p  < 0.00001) in idiopathic ESES compared with childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. In the idiopathic ESES, the treatment consisted of corticosteroids in patients with permanent ESES remission and transient remission, levetiracetam (LEV) children with permanent ESES remission and transient, clonazepam (CZP) children with permanent ESES remission and transient, ethosuximide (ESM), and sulthiame. The patients with symptomatic ESES had more unfavorable evolution, as 19 children had persistent or relapsing ESES course. Conclusion  We consider the earlier age of seizure onset (below 5 years) and the presence of multiple seizures and postictal paresis as risk factors for ESES manifestation. ESES is characterized by a significant therapeutic resistance, especially in the group of symptomatic cases. Good results are observed with LEV, ESM, CZP, and steroids.