Seismic anisotropy and geodynamics of the East Japan subduction zone

Seismic anisotropy in the East Japan arc has been extensively investigated by conducting shear-wave splitting measurements, receiver-function analyses, and tomographic inversions of body-wave travel times and surface-wave dispersion data, which have provided a wealth of information on dynamic processes associated with active subduction of the Pacific plate. Measuring shear-wave splitting is popular and effective to detect seismic anisotropy, but it has poor depth resolution. This problem has been overcome by conducting 3-D anisotropic tomography, which has high-resolution in both lateral and vertical directions. Both P and S wave anisotropies are revealed in the crust, which are caused by alignment or preferred orientation of crustal minerals and stress-induced microcracks related to active faults. Trench-normal fast-velocity directions (FVDs) of azimuthal anisotropy are revealed in the back-arc mantle wedge, reflecting subduction-driven convection there. Trench-parallel FVDs appear in the forearc mantle wedge under the land area, which may reflect deformation that results in B-type olivine fabric. The forearc mantle wedge offshore may lack anisotropy, suggesting that it is stagnant and decoupled from the subducting slab and does not participate in the viscous flow, in sharp contrast with the rest of the mantle wedge. The most significant findings of the body-wave anisotropic tomography are its constraints on the slab anisotropy. The subducting Pacific slab exhibits mainly trench-parallel FVDs, which reflect shape-preferred orientation of crystals and cracks related to normal faults produced in the outer-rise area before the plate subduction, overprinting the fossil anisotropy that the Pacific plate gained when it was produced at the mid-ocean ridge. Trench-parallel intraslab fast velocity planes of anisotropy intersect the slab upper surface at high angles (∼45–90°), reflecting aligned hydrated faults in the slab. Ruptures of the hydrated faults in the upper part of the slab may cause large intraslab earthquakes (M ≥7.0) that take place frequently beneath the forearc area. Trench-normal FVDs also appear in the subslab mantle, which may reflect asthenospheric shear deformation associated with the overlying slab subduction.