土壤传播蠕虫的感染及其对共感染的影响

Josephine Schlosser-Brandenburg, Ankur Midha, R. Mugo, E. M. Ndombi, G. Gachara, D. Njomo, S. Rausch, S. Hartmann
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引用次数: 1

摘要

影响人类的最重要的土壤传播蠕虫是蛔虫、鞭虫和钩虫,世界上很大一部分人口感染了一种或多种肠道寄生虫。除此之外,同时感染几种病毒、细菌、原生动物和其他蠕虫(如吸虫)在STH流行地区很常见。STH是有效的免疫调节剂,但关于STH感染对与其他病原体共同感染的方向和程度的影响以及反之亦然的知识尚不完整。通过关注肯尼亚,一个人类STH感染广泛的国家,我们提供了STH和并发感染(例如人类免疫缺陷病毒、恶性疟原虫、十二指肠贾第虫和曼氏血吸虫)的当前流行率的示例性概述。利用人类数据并辅以实验研究,我们概述了急性STH转移和慢性感染组织中合并感染的免疫机制相互作用,同时强调了其系统性。根据共同感染的病原体和免疫读数,STH感染可能抑制、支持甚至超越对另一种病原体的免疫反应。此外,特定感染的时间和宿主易感性对免疫病理学结果是决定性的。一些例子证明了STH合并感染的积极结果,这些蠕虫的系统作用减轻了其他病原体造成的损害。然而,迄今为止可用的数据相当不平衡,因为只有少数研究考虑了共同感染对蠕虫生命周期和相关宿主免疫的影响。这些相互作用是复杂的,在很大程度上取决于共感染的背景和生物学,共感染可以向任何一个方向起作用,既有利于也有损于受感染的宿主。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Infection with soil-transmitted helminths and their impact on coinfections
The most important soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) affecting humans are roundworms, whipworms, and hookworms, with a large proportion of the world’s population infected with one or more of these intestinal parasites. On top of that, concurrent infections with several viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and other helminths such as trematodes are common in STH-endemic areas. STHs are potent immunomodulators, but knowledge about the effects of STH infection on the direction and extent of coinfections with other pathogens and vice versa is incomplete. By focusing on Kenya, a country where STH infections in humans are widespread, we provide an exemplary overview of the current prevalence of STH and co-occurring infections (e.g. with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Plasmodium falciparum, Giardia duodenalis and Schistosoma mansoni). Using human data and complemented by experimental studies, we outline the immunomechanistic interactions of coinfections in both acutely STH transmigrated and chronically infected tissues, also highlighting their systemic nature. Depending on the coinfecting pathogen and immunological readout, STH infection may restrain, support, or even override the immune response to another pathogen. Furthermore, the timing of the particular infection and host susceptibility are decisive for the immunopathological consequences. Some examples demonstrated positive outcomes of STH coinfections, where the systemic effects of these helminths mitigate the damage caused by other pathogens. Nevertheless, the data available to date are rather unbalanced, as only a few studies have considered the effects of coinfection on the worm’s life cycle and associated host immunity. These interactions are complex and depend largely on the context and biology of the coinfection, which can act in either direction, both to the benefit and detriment of the infected host.
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