Analysis of the first surface nitrogen dioxide concentration observations over the South African Highveld derived from the Pandora-2s instrument

Anthropogenic emissions from industry, biomass burning and traffic are significant contributors to the atmospheric loading of nitrogen dioxide on the South African Highveld. These sources are dispersed across the region and emit nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2)into the atmosphere at different elevations above the earth's surface. Additionally, atmospheric stability in the form of surface andelevated inversions decreases the dispersion of air pollutants and stratifies pollutants into distinctive layers above the surface. Thisstudy explores the Highveld near-surface nitrogen dioxide concentrations obtained using the ground-based Pandora-2s monitoringsystem. The Pandora-2s instrument retrieves surface NO2 levels from clear sky measurements using a fully parameterised algorithm.We present the first near-surface concentration measurements of atmospheric NO2 at Wakkerstroom, a site between Volksrust andAmersfoort, downstream of major source conglomerates, the Majuba power station and other industries. These data are exploredin the presence and context of potential background NO2 concentrations in the area derived from other ground-based sensors. Thequasicontinuous data show elevated surface NO2 levels in week 37 (September) of 2020 (7.3 ± 5.7 ppb), while the lowest levels wereobserved in week 15 (April) of 2020 (0.2 ± 0.04 ppb). The elevated surface NO2 levels are driven by dominant emission sources andtransport trajectories, while the accuracy in the measurements is based on the high temporal resolution of the ground-based Pandora2s instrument.