Learning from Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) in Ghana and Zambia: Lessons for Integrated Landscape Approaches

HIGHLIGHTS Inclusive, equitable multi-actor collaboration and sustainability are key to CBNRM. In practice, donors, government agencies, NGOs and community elites often control decision-making. Ongoing collaboration across actors and scales requires long-term support and engagement. Integrated Landscape Approaches (ILAs) are promising for improved natural resource management. Learning from CBNRM and documenting ILA processes is needed for adaptive management. SUMMARY Land use in much of sub-Saharan Africa is dominated by legislative frameworks based on a strong colonial legacy, focusing strongly on state control and minimal devolution of management responsibilities to local communities. However, attempts to reconcile conservation and socio-economic development by increasing stakeholder engagement in community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) have been undertaken since the late 1980s. Based on a review of published literature on historical land-use trajectories, the evolution of CBNRM, and key respondent interviews with NRM experts in Ghana and Zambia, this paper asks: What lessons can be learned from CBNRM to inform integrated landscape approaches for more equitable social and ecological outcomes? The paper discusses the positive characteristics and persistent challenges arising from CBNRM initiatives in both countries. The former being, improved rights and resource access, an established institutional structure at the local level, and a conservation approach tailored to the local context. The latter include the absence of multi-scale collaboration, inadequate inclusive and equitable local participation, and limited sustainability of CBNRM initiatives beyond short-term project funding timelines. The paper argues that integrated landscape approaches can address these challenges and improve natural resource management in Ghana and Zambia. We urge landscape practitioners to consider how the lessons learned from CBNRM are being addressed in practice, as they represent both challenges and opportunities for landscape approaches to improve natural resource management.