Serum calcium levels and its association with coronary artery disease

Thousands of people took part in prospective studies lasting up to 30 years, and the results showed that circulating calcium is a risk factor for vascular disease. Other cardiovascular risk factors such as circulating lipid levels, blood pressure, and body mass index may partially mediate these relationships, but serum calcium appears to have a residual independent influence. Polymorphisms in calcium-sensing receptors connected to small elevations in serum calcium have also been linked to cardiovascular disease, suggesting that calcium is a causative component. Calcium supplements have been shown to increase mortality and/or accelerate vascular disease in dialysis patients and those with less severe renal failure, and meta-analyses of trials in adults without overt renal disease imply a similar effect. A strong interaction between baseline calcium supplement use and the effect of calcium randomization hampered the interpretation of the largest research. The fact that the study only looked at calcium-deficient people highlights the dangers that are always present. Observational studies of dietary calcium have not consistently demonstrated that it is deleterious to cardiovascular health, albeit exceptionally high or extremely low intakes may be harmful. As a result, eating calcium rather than taking supplements should be encouraged. The current systematic review addresses serum calcium levels and their relationship with coronary artery disease using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses standards. For studies published through December 2021, electronic and manual data resources were reviewed using the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library. The findings were filtered to exclude studies that were written in English.